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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Releasing and inhibiting factors (peptides)
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Target: anterior pituitary
Effect: modify activity Releasing gland: Hypothalamus |
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Growth hormone (GH) (peptide)
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Effect: increases bone & muscles, increases cell turnover rate
Releasing gland: Anterior Pituitary Stimulated by: GH Releasing Hormone (GHRH) |
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Prolactine (peptide)
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Target: mammary gland
Effect: milk production Releasing gland: Anterior Pituitary Stimulated by: PRL Releasing Hormone (PRH) |
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Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)(peptide)
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Target: Thyroid
Effect: Increases synthesis & release of TH Stimulated by: Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) Releasing gland: Anterior Pituitary Tropic |
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (peptide)
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Effect: increases growth & secretory activity of adrenal cortex
Stimulates: Cortisol + Aldosterone Releasing gland: Anterior Pituitary |
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Luteinizing hormone (LH) (peptide)
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Target: ovary, testes
Effect: ovulation, testosterone synthesis Releasing gland: Anterior Pituitary Stimulated by: Goandotropin Releasing Hormone (GNRH) + Testosterone |
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Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) (peptide)
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Target: ovary, testes
Effect: Mmatures germ cells --> follicle development, spermatogenesis Releasing gland: Anterior Pituitary Stimulated by: Goandotropin Releasing Hormone (GNRH) Tropic hormone (Regulate secretion of other hormones by acting on other endocrine gland) |
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) (peptide)
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Target: kidney
Effect: water retention, increased BP Synthesizing gland: Hypothalmus Releasing gland: Posterior Pituitary Direct Hormone (Act directly on non-endocrine tissues) |
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Oxytocin (peptide)
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Target: breast, uterus
Effect: milk letdown, contraction Synthesizing gland: Hypothalamus Releasing gland: Posterior Pituitary Direct Hormone (Act directly on non-endocrine tissues) |
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Thyroid hormone (TH, thyroxine) (modified amino acid)
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Child: necessary for physical & mental development
Adult: increases metabolic rate & temperature Releasing gland: Thyroid |
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Calcitonin (peptide)
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Target: bone, kidney
Effect: lowers blood [Ca2+] Releasing gland: Thyroid C cells |
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (peptide)
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Target: bone, kidney, small intestine
Effect: raises blood [Ca2+] Releasing gland: Parathyroids |
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Thymosin (children only) (peptide)
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Effect: T cell development during childhood
Releasing gland: Thaymus |
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Epineohrine (modified amino acid)
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Effect: sympathetic stress response (rapid) + Increases heart rate
Releasing gland: Adrenal medulla |
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Cortisol ("glucocortioid") (steroid)
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Effect: long-term stress response; increased blood [glucose]; increased protein catabolism; decreased inflammation & immunity; many other
Releasing gland: Adrenal cortex Stimulated by: AdrenoCorticoTropic Hormone (ACTH) |
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Aldosterone
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Target: kidney
Effect: increases Na+ reabsorption to increase blood pressure (renal collecting tubule cells) Releasing gland: Adrenal cortex Stimulated by: AdrenoCorticoTropic Hormone (ACTH) A steroid hormone |
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Sex steroid
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Effect: masculinization & feminization
Releasing gland: Adrenal cortex |
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Insulin
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Target: decreases blood [glucose]
Effect: increases glycogen & fat storage Releasing gland: Endocrine pancreas (islets of Langerhans) Secreted by: B cells secret Peptide hormone Is absent or ineffective in diabetes mellitus |
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Glucagon
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Target: increases blood [glucose]
Effect: decreases glycogen & fat storage Releasing gland: Endocrine pancreas (islets of Langerhans) Synthesized by: alpha cells A peptide hormone |
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Somatostatin (SS-S cells secreted) (peptide)
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Effect: inhibits many digestive processes
Releasing gland: Endocrine pancreas (islets of Langerhans) |
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Testosterone (steroid)
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Target: male characteristics
Effect: promotes spermatogenesis + puberty Releasing gland: Testes Stimulated by: Luteinizing Hormone (LH) |
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Estrogen (steroid)
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Target: female characteristics
Effect: endometrial growth + promotes puberty + regulates mensural cycle Releasing gland: Ovaries/placenta |
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Progesterone (steroid)
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Target: endometrial secretion
Effect: prepares uterus for pregnancy Releasing gland: Ovaries/placenta |
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Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) (peptide)
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Target: kidney
Effect: increased urination to decreased blood pressure Releasing gland: Heart |
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Erythropoietin (peptide)
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Target: bone marrow
Effect: increased RBC synthesis Releasing gland: Kidney |
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Melatonin |
- Hormone that promotes drowsiness and sleep - Released by the pineal gland in response to low light levels (detected by the retina) |
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Adrenal hormones promote? |
Promote the "fight-or-flight" response |
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Adrenal medulla releases what in response to a stressor? |
Releases catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine) |
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Norepinephrine and epinephrine response |
- Redirection of blood flow throughout the body via vasoconstriction and vasodilation - Increased heart rate/cardiac muscle contractility (Increased blood flow: Brain, lungs, skeletal muscles) - Dilation of airways (bronchioles) enables increased respiratory function and oxygen delivery to tissues. |
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Catecholamines |
- Release norepinephrine and epinephrine - Secreted from the adrenal medulla - Promote the "fight-or-flight" response |
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Adrenal glands |
Location: Atop each kidney Each adrenal gland subdivided into 2 portions: 1) Adrenal medulla --> Central inner portion 2) Adrenal cortex --> Outer portion Synthesize: - Cortisol (glucocorticoids) - Aldosterone (Mineralocorticoids) - Epinephrine (adrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) |
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Adrenal cortex secrets? |
- Mineralocorticoids: the most important of which is aldosterone - Glucocorticoids: predominantly cortisol - Adrenal androgens: male sex hormones mainly dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and testosterone |
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Hypothalamus secrets? |
Found in the brain and releases: - Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) - Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) - Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) - Somatostatin - Dopamine |
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Anterior pituitary hormones |
Receives signaling molecules from the hypothalamus, and in response, synthesizes and secretes: - Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - Luteinising hormone (LH) - Prolactin (PRL) - Growth hormone (GH) - Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) - Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Location: Brain |
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Posterior pituitary hormones |
Does not produce any hormones. Stores and secretes hormones made in hypothalamus: - Oxytocin - Antidiuretic hormone |
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Tropic hormones |
Regulate the secretion of other hormones by acting on other endocrine glands. |
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Direct or nontropic hormones |
Act directly on nonendocrine tissues to cause physiological end points. |
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Sympathetic nervous system |
"Fight-or-flight" Response Prepares the organism for stress by increasing the heart rate, increasing blood flow to the muscles, and decreasing blood flow to the skin. |
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Parasympathetic nervous system |
"Rest-and-digest" system Conserves energy as it slows the heart rate, increases intestinal and gland activity, and relaxes sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract. |
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What stimulated the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine? |
Release is stimulated by ACh-mediated signaling in the sympathetic component of the autonomic nervous system. |
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Thymus |
Releases thymus hormone that stimulates T-Cell development. Site of T lymphocyte maturation. T cell synthesis begins in the bone marrow but is not completed until lymphoid progenitor cells (T cell precursors) migrate to the thymus, where they mature. |
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Exocrine pancreas |
Secretes pancreatic juices containing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate |
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Endocrine pancreas |
Synthesizes the hormones insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. |
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Paracrine signaling |
Secrete substances that exert effects on neighboring cells |
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Exocrine signaling |
Secrete substances (eg, saliva, sweat, enzymes) through a duct and onto an epithelial surface that communicates with the outside world. |
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Endocrine signaling |
Secrete hormones into the bloodstream to cause an effect in a different part of the body. |
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Autocrine signals |
Bind to receptors on cells that secrete them. |
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Beta cells |
Produce insulin, a hormone that promotes glucose uptake from the blood when blood glucose is high. In this setting, beta cell secretions inhibit neighboring alpha cell function and therefore also exhibit paracrine function. |
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Alpha cells |
Produce glucagon, a hormone that promotes glucose release into the blood when blood glucose is low. Alpha cells exhibit paracrine function, as they are able to inhibit beta cell function in the setting of low blood glucose. |
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Delta cells |
Produce somatostatin, a hormone that has a generalized inhibitory effect on digestive function and has been shown to suppress insulin and glucagon release. |
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Peptide hormones |
- Composed of AAs linked by peptide bonds - Generated in Rough ER - Overall charge makes peptide hormones water-soluble (hydrophilic) - Can dissolve in the bloodstream - Cannot cross the hydrophobic lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane - Act as first messengers + must bind extracellular receptors to induce a signaling cascade via activation of intracellular second messengers - Ex: Insulin, glucagon |
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Steroid hormones |
- Lipid hormones derived from cholesterol - Generated in smooth ER - Fat-soluble (hydrophobic) - Must bind to carrier protein in the bloodstream - Can diffuse through the plasma membrane (lipid bilayer) + bind their receptor in the cytoplasm or nucleus - Steroid hormones are first messengers as they perform the initial signaling that influences the nuclear transcription and cytoplasmic translation of physiologically required proteins. |
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Tyrosine hormones derivatives |
- Derived from the amino acid tyrosine - Function similarly to either steroid hormones (eg, thyroid hormones T3 and T4) or peptide hormones (eg, catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine). |
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G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) |
1) Ligand binds to GPCR 2) GPCR undergoes conformational change 3) Alpha subunit exchanges GDP for GTP 4) Alpha subunit dissociates and regulates target proteins 5) Target protein relay signal via 2nd messenger 6) GTP hydrolyzes to GDP Back to normal Activation of adenylate cyclase: Occurs before step 6 - Converts ATP --> cAMP (cAMP = 2nd messenger) |
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Leptin hormone |
Released by white adipose tissue to trigger feelings of satiety by communicating to the hypothalamus in the brain that the stomach is full, thereby suppressing appetite. In general, the greater the adipose tissue stores, the higher the leptin levels in the serum. |
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Ghrelin hormone |
Released by gastric cells in the stomach wall to trigger feelings of hunger by communicating to the hypothalamus that the stomach is empty, thereby increasing appetite. |
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Water-soluble (hydrophilic) hormones |
Generally bind a cell surface receptor and initiate a second messenger cascade, leading to changes in protein activity (eg, enzymes, membrane channels). |
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Water-insoluble (hydrophobic) hormones |
Generally diffuse across the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane and bind to a cytosolic receptor to ultimately regulate gene expression in the nucleus. |
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In healthy individuals, low serum glucose can be expected to increase the release of? |
Glucagon, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are increased, because these hormones would act to restore serum level of glucose to the normal range. |
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Pineal Gland |
Location: Brain Secretes: Melatonin |
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Hypothalamus |
Location: Brain, lies just below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland, to which it is attached by a stalk. Secretes + Release: - Gonandotropin (FSH, LH), Releasing Hormone (GnRH) - PRL Releasing Hormone (PRH) - GH Releasing Hormone (GHRH) - Corticotropin Releasing Factor (CRF) - Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) Secretes (stored in Posterior Pituitary gland): - Oxytocin - Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) |
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Gonandotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) |
Stimulates: - Follicle Stimulation Hormone (FSH) - Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
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PRL Releasing Hormone (PRH) |
Stimulates: Prolactin (PRL) |
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GH Releasing Hormone (GHRH) |
Stimulates: Growth Hormone (GH) |
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Corticotropin Releasing Factor (CRF) |
Stimulates: AdrenoCorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) |
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Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) |
Stimulates: Thyroid Stimulation Hormone (TSH) |
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Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) |
Effect: Releases sugar + Increases heart rate and blood pressure Synthesized by: Adrenal gland |
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Ovaries secrete |
- Progesterone - Estrogen |
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Thyroid |
Secretes: - Thymosins (thyroid hormones) - Calcitonion |
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Thymosins |
Effect: increase metabolic rate + development Synthesized by: Thyroid |
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Calcitonion |
Effect: Inhibits osteoclasts + Lowers blood [Ca2+] Synthesized by: Thyroid Decreases osteoclast activity (bone resorption) and increasing renal excretion of calcium. |
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Parathyroid |
Secretes: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
Effect: Inhibits osteoblasts + Raises blood [Ca2+] To increase Ca2+, the bone, kidneys, and small intestine work to produce a net increase in calcium and a decrease in phosphate levels. |
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Thymus hormone |
Stimulates T-cell development |
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Pancreas |
Secretes: - Insulin - Glucagon |
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Testes |
Secrets: Testosterone |
