Hormones

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Human Growth Hormone (hGH)

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- also called somatotropin
- peptide hormone released by anterior pituitary
- stimulates growth in almost all human cells
- increases cell size, increases rate of protein synthesis, mobilizes fat stores, increases use of fatty acids for energy, and decreases use of glucose
- achieves affects by increasing amino acid transport across cell membranes, increasing translation and transcription, and decreasing breakdown of protein and amino acids

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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

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- peptide hormone released by anterior pituitary
- stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids (stress hormones) via second messenger system using cAMP
- stimulated by many types of stress

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Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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- also called thyrotropin
- peptide hormone released by anterior pituitary
- stimulates thyroid to release T₃ and T₄ via second messenger system using cAMP
- both have negative feedback on TSH release at both anterior pituitary and hypothalamus

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FSH

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- peptide hormone released by anterior pituitary
- stimulate sertoli cells which surround and nurture spermatocyte and spermatids
- stimulates growth of granulosa cells around primary oocyte which secrete viscous substance around the egg called the zona pellucida
- necessary in the conversion of androgen to estradiol (steroid hormone that prepares uterine wall for pregnancy) by granulosa cells

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LH

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- peptide hormone released by anterior pituitary
- stimulate Leydig cells located in interstitium between seminiferous tubules to release testosterone
- stimulates theca cells to secrete androgen

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Prolactin

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- peptide hormone released by anterior pituitary
- promotes lactation by the breasts
- hypothalamus inhibit release of prolactin until act of suckling (which inhibits menstrual cycle)
- not produced before birth due to inhibitory effects of progesterone and estrogen

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Oxytocin

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- small peptide hormone produced in neural cell bodies of hypothalamus and transported down axons to posterior pituitary where it is released into blood
- increases uterine contractions during pregnancy and causes milk to be ejected from breasts

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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

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- also called vasopressin
- small peptide hormone produced in neural cell bodies of hypothalamus and transported down axons to posterior pituitary where it is released into blood
- causes collecting ducts of kidney to become permeable to water reducing the amount of and concentrating urine
- also increases blood pressure

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Aldosterone

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- steroid, mineral corticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex
- increases Na+ and Cl- reabsorption and K+ and H+ secretion in distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
- results in net gain of particles in plasma which causes increase in blood pressure
- same but lesser effect in sweat glands, salivary glands, and intestines

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Cortisol

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- steroid, glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex
- increases blood glucose level by stimulating gluconeogenesis in liver
- degrades adipose tissue in fatty acids to be used for cellular energy
- causes moderate decrease in use of glucose by cels
- causes degradation of nonhepatic proteins, decrease of nonhepatic amino acids and increase in liver, plasma proteins, and amino acids
- diminishes ability of immune system to fight infection
- stress hormone

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Catecholamines

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- water soluble tyrosine derivative synthesized in adrenal medulla
- epinephrine/adrenaline and norepinephrine/ noradrenaline
- bind to receptors on target tissue and act mainly through second messenger cAMP
- vasoconstrictors (constrict blood vessels) of most internal organs and skin but vasodilators of skeletal muscle
- stress hormones

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T₃ (triiodothyronine) and T₄ (thyroxine)

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- lipid soluble tyrosine derivative secreted by the thyroid gland
- T₃ contains three iodines atoms and T₄ contains four
- general effect is to increase basal (resting) metabolic rate
- secretion is regulated by TSH

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Calcitonin

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- large peptide hormone released by the thyroid gland
- slightly decreases blood calcium by decreasing osteoclast activity and number

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Insulin

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- peptide hormone released by β-cells of pancreas
- released when blood levels of carbohydrates/proteins are high and lowers blood glucose levels
- associated with energy abundance in form of high energy nutrients in blood
- in its presence, carbs are stored as glycogen in liver and muscles, fat is stored as adipose tissue, and amino acids are taken up by cells of body and made into proteins
- binds to membrane receptor beginning cascade of reactions causing cells to become highly permeable to glucose and more permeable to amino acids
- metabolic enzymes are activated and translation and transcription rates are affected

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Glucagon

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- peptide hormone release by α-cells of the pancreas
- stimulates glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen) and gluconeogenesis in the liver to raise blood glucose levels
- acts via second messenger system of cAMP
- in higher concentrations, breaks down adipose tissue increasing fatty acid level in blood

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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

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- peptide hormone released by parathyroid gland
- increases absorption of calcium and phosphate from bone and stimulates proliferation of osteoclasts
- increases renal calcium reabsorption and renal phosphate excretion
- regulated by calcium ion plasma concentration

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Inhibin

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- peptide hormone and glycoprotein secreted by Sertoli cells
- acts on pituitary gland to inhibit FSH secretion