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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where is TSH produced?
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thryotroph of anterior pituitary
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Site of TSH action and what does it do?
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thyroid, stimulates synthesis/secretion of thyroid hormones
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stimulators/inhibitors of TSH?
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+ TRH, - T3, SS
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secondary hyopthyroidism?
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decreased TSH secretion
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Where is ACTH produced?
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corticotrophs of ant. pit
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Site of ACTH action and what does it do?
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adrenal cortex, stimulates synthesis of adrenal cortex hormones
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+ and - ACTH release
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+ CRH, - ANP, cortisol
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peak ACTH release
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early AM, high levels in depression
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Where is GH produced?
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somatotrophs of anterior pituitary
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Site of GH action and function?
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stimulates liver to produce somatomedin (IGF-1) which causes increased protein synthesis, increased free f.a., increased carb metabolism, overall growth, direct bone growth
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+ and - GH release
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+ GHRH, ghrelin, exercise, hypoglycemia
- SS, excess GH, IGF-1, glucocorticoids |
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peak GH release
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during sleep, surges during puberty
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Where is PRL produced?
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mammotrophs of anterior pituitary
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site of PRL action and function
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lactotropes, increased milk production and breast development
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+ and - PRL release
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+ estrogen, suckling, PRFs
- dopamine (PIH) |
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Other about PRL
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ONLY hormone that has inhibitory effect on hypothalamus, sleep-related increase
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PRL diseases
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male - decreased testosterone and sperm production, gynecomastia
women - galactorrhea |
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intracellular receptors?
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sex steroids (testosterone, estradiol)
mineralocorticoids (aldo) glucocorticoids (cortisol) thyroid hormones (T3, T4, calcitonin) |
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functional tumors
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eg: PRL-secreting adenoma, pheochromocytoma
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Hashimoto's thyroiditis
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death of thyroid cells (autoimmune cause)
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organ resistance
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functionally same as under production, eg: receptor desensitization
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altered signal pathway
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functionally same as overproduction (eg: hormone-producing tumor)
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excess GH or cortisol for long periods of time
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often leads to DM, assoc w/ acromegaly, use of GH to build muscle, cushing's syndrome, chronic glucocorticoid therapy
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opposers of insulin?
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glucagon, catecholamines (fast), cortisol (slow), T3 - enhances action of catecholamines on glycogenolysis, promotes lipolysis
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Site of FSH production?
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gonadotroph of ant. pit
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Site of LH production?
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gonadotroph of ant. pit
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Site of action and function of FSH
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sertoli cells, granulosa cells
male - stimulates sertoli cell production of ABG, CYP 19 production for sperm production female - stimulates growth of granulosa cells, initiates follicle recruitment |
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+ and - FSH secretion
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+ gonadal activin
- gonadal inhibin, testosterone, estradiol |
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Site of action and function of LH
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ovary - triggers ovulation
leydig cells - stimulates testosterone production by stimulating StAR, controls Leydig cell growth/differentiation |
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+ and - of LH
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+ males - puberty, females - estradiol, progesterone can amplify
- testosterone, DHT, estradiol |
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Where is TSH produced?
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thyrotroph of ant. pit
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TSH site of action and action?
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thyroid - stimulates synthesis/secretion of thyroid hormones, increase blood flow to thyroid
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+ and - TSH secretion
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+ TRH (hypothalamus)
- T3, SS |
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GnRH production
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hypothalamus
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GnRH site of action, function
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anterior pituitary, stimulates gonadotrophs (LH, FSH secretion)
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+ and - GnRh
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+ estradiol (ovulatory phase of menstrual cycle), NE, glutamate, puberty
- sex steroids, GABA, exogenous opioid poeptides |
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intermittent GnRH release
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stimulates LH release, continuous GnRH inhibits LH release. GnRH receptors upregulated by pulses of GnRH
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diseases assoc w/GnRH
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continuous use of GnRH analogs -> chemical castration via down-regulation of GnRH receptors in ant. pit, used to block testosterone production in pts w/prostate CA; also causes endometriosis; assoc w/Kallmann syndrome
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CRH
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produced by PVN of hypothalamus
acts on ant. pit to promote ACTH release |
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ADH
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produced by hypothalamus, stored in post. pit
acts on kidney collecting duct, arteriolar smooth muscle monitors urine output and water reabsorption, maintains bp after hemorrhage, potentiates effects of CRH on ACTH release stored and released w/neurophysin |
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+ and - ADH release
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+ low plasma osmolality - also Ang II, stress, pain
- alcohol, caffeine |
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diseases assoc w/ADH
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DI - hypothalamic = central, deficient production; nephrogenic = deficient response
SIADH - excess production |
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OT
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produced in hypothalamus, stored in post. pit
acts on uterus - contractions during labor mammary glands - milk ejection during breast feeding |
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+ and - OT secretion
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+ baby's cry, Fergusson reflex during labor
- stress, estrogen, progesterone |
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Melatonin
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produced by pineal gland (pinealocyts)
communicates info about environmental lighting, controls circadian rhythms + dark, - daylight sleep modulator, antioxidant, boosts immune system |
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PTH
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produced by chief cells of parathyroid gland
acts on bone, intestines, kidney to increase calcium in circulation bone: osteoclasts, intestines: Vit. D3 production to stimulate calcium abs, kidney: reabs. of calcium, excretion of phosphate (decreased abs.) |
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+ and - PTH release
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+ low calcium
- high calcium, vit D |
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diseases of calcium
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hypocalcemia - tetany
hypercalcemia - depressed central/peripheral nerve excitability primary - tumors, secondary - outside organ leads to overproduction of PTH hypoparathyroidism: lack PTH (eg: postsurgical) |
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PTHrP
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produced by most tissues
acts like PTH in large amts (tumors) |
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calcitonin
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produced by parafollicular cells of thyroid
acts on bones, intestines, kidney to help with calcium balance opposes action of PTH: inhibits osteoclasts, decreases blood calcium levels |
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+ calcitonin release
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+ increase in extracellular calcium
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T3 and T4
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T3 = active
T4 = majority produced produced by thyroid - long storage, slow metabolic clearance, long 1/2 life requires thyroglobulin and iodine for synthesis, T3 produced by outer ring deiodination of T4 |
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action of T3
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regulation of overall body metabolism
thermogenesis carb, protein, lipid metabolism infant development of CNS, growth CV system: vasodilation, increased HR, CO, contractility potentiates effects of GH on long bones |
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+ and - of thyroid hormone release
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+ iodine uptake, TPO, Tg hydrolysis, TSH
- excess iodine |
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Testosterone
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produced by Leydig cells of testes
masculinzation of fetus requires testosterone, modulates growth spurt during puberty, development of secondary sex characteristics, development of sperm w/FSH must be unbound to be delivered to target cells BP - SHBG, albumin |
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+ testosterone production
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LH
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diseases assoc w/ testosterone
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chronically administered androgens increase neg. feedback on LH, eventually impairs spermogenesis -> infertility
cyrptorchidism - undescended testes, can occur in absence of testosterone |
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DHT
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produced from circulating testosterone by urogenital tract with 5alphareductase
differentiation of external genitalia |
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Anti-mullerian hormone
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produced by sertoli cells of fetal testes
acts on mullerian ducts to prevent development of uterus/fallopian tubes |
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Activin and Inhibin
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produced by sertoli cells of testes
Activin = +FSH, inhibin = -FSH |
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Aldosterone
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mineralocorticoid, Produced by zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex
acts on kidney collecting duct to maintain body fluid volume by reabs. sodium, water, excrete potassium 40% free in circulation |
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+ and - Aldo release
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+ Ang II, serum K+ levels, ACTH
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diseases of aldosterone
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excess: primary - adrenal tumor (Conn's)
secondary - HF, diuretic use, renin tumor pseudoaldosteronism - take up sodium in absence of aldo pseudohypoaldosteronism - inactivating mutation of MR CYP 21 mutation - can't form, genetic defect |
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Cortisol
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formed by adrenal cortex, zona fasciculata
acts to increase bone resorption, decrease bone formation, apoptosis of osteoblasts/cytes increase blood glucose - anabolic in liver, catabolic in muscle and fat to create substrates for liver to use anti-inflammatory immunosuppressive |
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+ and - cortisol release
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+ CRH, ACTH, low calcium, prolonged stress, inflammation
- neg feedback loop inhibits CRH, AVP release |
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Cortisol diseases
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Cushing's syndrome - hyperadrenocorticism - excess production of cortisol or excess ACTH secretion
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia - CYP21 mutation - excess androgen production Addison's disease - insufficiency, often also have aldo deficiency |
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DHEA
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produced by zona reticularis of adrenal cortex
precursor to androgens, estrogens + ACTH, adrenarche |
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Epinephrine
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produced by chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
increases blood glucose (mobilize fuels in stress), diverts blood to muscles + acute stress, exercise, hypoglycemia, trauma |
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diseases of epinephrine, NE
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absence => coma, death
pheocromocytoma = tumor of adrenal medulla resulting in hypersecretion |
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NE
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produced by chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
increases blood glucose (mobilize fuels in stress), diverts blood to muscles + acute stress, exercise, hypoglycemia, trauma |
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Insulin
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produced by beta cells of pancreatic islets
allows liver to increase glucose uptake, enhances somatic growth anabolic - promotes storage of metabolic fuels - lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis, inhibits fat breakdown |
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+ and - insulin release
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+ increased blood glucose, aa, fa, GLP-1, GIP, taste/smell of food
- SS, ghrelin, catecholamines |
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GLUT 4
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insulin-dependent glucose transporter
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diseases of insulin
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diabetic ketoacidosis: can't use glucose - burn fatty acids - generate lots of ketoacids, overpowers ability of serum to buffer
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glucagon
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produced by alpha cells of pancreatic islets
increases blood glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis in liver, activating gluconeogenesis (long term) |
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+ and - glucagon secretion
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+ low glucose, elevated aa, exercise, catecholamines
- high glucose, high f.a., SS, insulin |
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pancreatic somatostatin
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produced by delta cells of pancreatic islets
inhibits GH release, inhibits insulin, glucagon secretion by paracrine action |
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hCG
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produced by syncytial knots of placenta
signals placenta + placental activin - placental inhibin, declines after 10 wks gestation |
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progesterone
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produced by ovaries, corpus luteum
acts on oviduct, uterus, cervix, vagina causes cells of stratum functionalis to begin secretion, contributes to weakening of follicular wall w/LH before ovulation, differentiation of endometrium - secretory phase, suppresses uterine contractions during pregnancy |
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Estradiol
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produced by ovaries
acts on uterine stromal cells, endometrial epithelial cells, cervix, vagina |
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actions of estradiol
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prevents bone loss
blocks inflammatory cytokines decreases somatic growth, promotes epiphyseal plate closure involved w/proliferative phase of endometrial growth stimulates uterine contractions during pregnancy |
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GLP-1
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produced by intestines
stimulates insulin production in anticipation of dietary glucose intake |
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calcitriol (Vit D3)
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produced via light, liver, kidney
regulates intestinal abs. of calcium in duodenum inhibits PTH mRNA, favors calcium and phosphate reabs in kidney, inhibits collagen synthesis, stimulates osteocalcin |
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ghrelin
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produced by stomach
secretagogue for GH stimulates appetite, inhibits insulin release |
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leptin
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produced by adipocytes
helps you not overeat, required for puberty onset |
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diseases of Vit D
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toxicity: overdose of supplements
deficiency: Ricketts, osteomalacia |
