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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the classical definition of a hormone (4), and exceptions for each tenent?
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1. regulator but not initiator
- sexual differentation 2. ductless glands - hypothalamus - GI mucosa 3. transported through blood - leydig cells are paracrine - hypothalamus is neuroendocrine 4. effects at specific target tissues other than site of production - growth hormone, thyroid, and insulin do not have specific targets; testosterone is produced and acts in testes and estrogen is produced and acts in follicles |
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What are hormones called when they are initiators? What are two key characteristics?
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imprinting
- effects are permanent - narrow window of timing |
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How does oxytocin act as a hormone? as a neurotransmitter?
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hormone:
- parturition (cramps during labor) - milk letdown neurotransmitter: - hurts memory consolidation and retrieval - stimulates monogamy and pair bonding, motherly love |
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How does vasopressin act as a hormone? as a neurotransmitter?
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hormone:
- antidiuretic neurotransmitter: - facilitates memory - inhibits pair bonding |
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What is the difference between hormones and neurotransmitters in terms of ligand affinity? local concentrations?
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hormones: high ligand affinity, low local concentrations
neurotransmitters: low ligand affinity, high local concentrations |
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What is the difference between hormones and neurotransmitters in terms of clearance, and response time?
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hormones: slow clearance, slow response
neurotransmitter: fast clearance, fast response |
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What is the difference between hormones and neurotransmitters in terms of target?
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hormones can have "indiscriminate" targets and go everywhere, while neurotransmitters have a target
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What are the 4 types of lipid hormones (steroids)?
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1. estrogens
2. androgens 3. progestins 4. corticoids |
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Why do thyroid hormones act like lipid hormones?
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because iodine has a huge electron cloud that makes it insoluble
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Which are faster, protein or lipid hormones?
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protein hormones
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What 2 hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary?
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1. ADH
2. Oxytocin |
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How much does one urinate in a day?
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.5-1 L
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What are the 2 types of polyuria?
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diabetes insipidus - ADH deficiency
nephrogenic diabetes insipidus - problem with ADH receptor |
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How much of the anterior pituitary is devoted to growth hormone?
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50%
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What are the 6 hormones of the anterior pituitary?
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1. growth hormone
2. prolactin 3. TSH 4. ACTH 5. LH 6. FSH |
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What does TSH stand for?
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thyrotropin
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What does ACTH stand for, and what does it do?
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adrenocorticotropin; stimulates growth of adrenal cortex and production of cortical hormones
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What does prolactin do?
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controls breast development and milk production
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What are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex, and what types of hormones do they produce?
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1. glomerulosa - mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
2. fasciculata - glucocorticoids 3. reticulosa - sex hormones |
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What layer of the adrenal cortex does ACTH have no effect on?
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no effect on the glomerulosa
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Do men make prolactin?
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men make just as much prolactin as women, but we don't know what it does
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What is the difference between giantism and acromegaly?
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giantism - excess secretion of growth hormone before puberty
acromegaly - secretion of growth hormone after puberty, growth of cartilage |
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What two hormones in the brain promote the release of growth hormone?
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somatostatin
growth-hormone-releasing-hormone |
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What is the difference between T3 and T4? Which is the active form?
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the number of iodides; T3 is the active form
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What is the BIG problem with hyperthyroidism?
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increased body temperature leads to brain damage
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What might blood look like with hypothyroidism?
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could be white because of so much lipid in it, because lipid turnover is reduced
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What does Parathyroid hormone maintain calcium at the expense of?
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phosphorous (K)
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What is hypercalcemia?
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usually not a problem
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What is hypocalcemia?
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too little PTH, causes tetany, seizures, low serum calcium; diaphragm decays.
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What is co-morbid with hypocalcemia? Why?
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hypothyroid, hypogonadal - they all use G protein; defect is also at G protein
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What are some consequences of anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid therapy?
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makes you vulnerable to opportunistic infections because it suppresses the immune system, can also make you more likely to get cancer
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What is the disease associated with too much glucocorticoids?
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cushing's disease
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What is the hormone mainly associated with hypertension?
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angiontensin 2
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What disease is hyposecretion of the adrenal gland?
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Addison's Disease
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What is it difficult to diagnose adrenal pathologies?
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vague symptoms
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What can glucocorticoids do to your adrenals?
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glucocorticoids atrophy your adrenals; need to be weaned so that you don't go into shock
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Why does lidocaine contain epinephrine?
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vasoconstriction prevents lytic enzymes from reaching the anesthetized area
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