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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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wrote "I think, therefore I am"
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Rene Descartes
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inented the first microscope
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Zacharias Jansen
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stated that planets moved around the sun im elliptical orcits instead of circles
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Johannes Kepler
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the founder of modern chemistry
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Robert Boyle
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Built a telescope and studied moons, stars, and planets
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Galileo Galilei
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Introduced a vaccine to prevent smallpox
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Edward Jenner
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Developed a law of universal gravitation
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Isaac Newton
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Made a mercury thermometer and showed water freezing at 32F
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Gabriel Farenheit
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Developed the first mercury barometer
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Evangelista Torticelli
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Dissected human corpses and created a book with drawings of human organs, bones, and muscle
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Andreas Vesalius
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Examined the justice system, believing it to preserve social order
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Cesare Beccaria
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Believed that people have the rights to life, liberty, and poverty
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John Locke
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Wrote "On the Spirit of Laws" and advocated separation of powers and checks & balances
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Baron de Montesquieu
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Salon Hostess
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Marie Therese Geoffrin
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Wrote "The Social Contract" and said "man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains"
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Rousseau
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Wrote LEVIATHAN and believed that an absolute monarchy is the best form of government
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Thomas Hobbes
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Wrote the encyclopedia
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Denis Diderot
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Wrote satires and said "I do not agree with a word you say but i will defend to the death your right to say it."
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Voltaire
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What is the difference between geocentric theory and heliocentric theory?
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Geocentric theory is the thought that the Earth was the center of the universe; heliocentric theory was the fact that the sun was the center of the solar system.
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List the 5 concepts of the philosophes.
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1. Reason
2. Nature 3. Happiness 4. Progres 5. Liberty |
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Define social contract
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people had to give up some of their rights in exchange for law and order
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define salon
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a meeting place in wealthy women's houses where philosophes and intellects met and discussed ideas
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define enlightened despot
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monarchs who claimed to be enlightened so that they would not lose their throne
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What steps did Peter the Great take to modernize Russia?
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introduced factories, made the Russians wear European clothing, he introduced potatoes to the Russian people which became a main staple of their diet. Allowed women to have a social status
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Kings
Nobles Knights Peasants |
European Feudal System
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taxes
crowded cottages hardships |
manor life
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Key characteristics of the Germanic Kingdoms
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-Disruption of trade
-Downfall of cities -Population shifts -Decline of learning -Loss of a common language -Different concept of government |
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Why are the kings and the Church in conflict with each other?
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Kings were getting more important, and both parties wanted the power all for themselves
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The Great Schism
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Period of time when the Church has two popes
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John Wycliffe
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Jesus was the head of the Church, not the pope.
Bible was the central authority not the pope He was from England |
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Jan Hus
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taught that the authority of the Bible was higher than the pope.
excommunicated and executed |
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origins of the plague
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fleas on infected rats that were carried on ships
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Symptoms of the plague
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Black bruising
coughing up blood red spots red ring high fever chills |
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Effects of the plague
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music
population exponentially decreased trade declined ruralization loss of faith in the church discrimination between Muslims and Jews priests left duties chaos serfs left manors |
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Cause of the 100 Years War
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- control of the French throne
- control of land - England wants to regain control of France |
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Victor of the 100 YW
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French
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the longbow
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new weapon that allowed for accuracy and maximum death
English introduced it |
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Joan of Arc
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fought for the French
captured by the English |
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Effects of the 100 YW
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Nationalism emerged
FrenchMonarchs increased power War of the Roses Chivalry dies End of the Middle ages |
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Why was Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance?
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City-States
Merchants Classical Heritage of Greece and Rome |
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What are some Renaissanc values?
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Celebration of the Individual
Love of Classical Learning (Humanism) Enjoyment of Worldly pleasures |
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Describe the "Renaissance Man"
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a man should be very well-rounded
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Describe the "Renaissance Woman"
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Inspire great things
limited role |
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Machiavelli's "The Prince"
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examine the imperfect behavior of humans
self help for city states used as a guide |
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Characteristics of Renaissance Art
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Use of perspective
realistic colorful religious themes |
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Renaissance Painters
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Raphael
Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo |
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How did the Renaissance spread to Northern Europe?
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flocking artists
artists moved kings had artists paint for them artists taught techniques in different countries |
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Henry VIII's six wives
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Catherine of Aragon-divorced
Anne Boleyn-beheaded Jane Seymour-died Anne of Cleves-divorced Kathryn Howard-beheaded Katherine Parr-survived |
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What is an absolute monarch?
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An absolute monarch is a government situation in which a queen or king rules everything.
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WHy did absolute monarchs emerge?
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popular trend and feudalism was ending
monarchs did not get along with Parliament |
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French Invasion of the Netherlands
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France wants the Rhine River.
Dutch were victorious, flooded the French out with dykes. |
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Ivan the Terrible's "good period"
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won great victories
made laws ruled justly gained land |
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Ivan the Terrible's "bad period"
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wife Anastacia died
blamed boyars for wife's death killed A LOT of boyars secret police/wore black on black killed oldest son and heir |
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Peter the Great's accomplishments
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reduced the power of landowners
modernized the army wetsernized Russia won a warm-water port on the Baltic sea |
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Causes of the Scientific Revolution
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exploration of Africa, Asia, and the Americas
invention of the printing press |
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The First Estate-Clergy
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less than 1% of population
owned 10% of France's land provided education and relief to the poor donated 2% of income to the government |
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The Second Estate-Nobles
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2% of the population
owned 20% of France's land paid almost no taxes scorned ideas of Enlightenment |
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The Third Estate
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Bourgeoisie
Cityworkers Peasants made up 97% of population |
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Bourgeoisie
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middle class
bankers, factory owners, merchants well educated believed in Enlightenment ideals some were as rich as nobles paid high taxes |
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Cityworkers
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poorest
low wages, frequently unemployed often went hungry stole for what they could get |
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Peasants
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more than 80% of total population
paid taxes on salt Paid 1/2 of their income to nobles, tithes to the Church, and taxes to the king's agents eager for change |
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Causes of the French Revolution
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The Old Regime
Weak Leadership Enlightenment Thought Economic Troubles |
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Napoleon's Actions - Domestic policy
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Tax collection and National Banking system
Dismissed corrupt officials Set up govt. run public schools Separated Church and State Napoleonic Code |
