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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Asexual Reproduction
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1 Parent
Identical to parent Involves MITOSIS No gametes |
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Sexual Reproduction
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2 parents
Genetic variations Meiosis 2 gametes [Male & Female] |
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Types of Asexual Reproduction
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Binary Fission
Budding Sporulation Regeneration Vegetative Propagation |
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Binary Fission (& Examples)
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Even splitting of cytoplasm
-Protozoa -Algea -Bacteria |
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Budding (& Examples)
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Uneven splittling of cytoplasm
-Hydra -Yeast |
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Sporulation (& Examples)
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Production of ASEXUAL spores
-Mushrooms -Breadmold -Moss -Ferns |
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Regeneration (& Examples)
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Parts are cut and form ENTIRE organism
-Starfish -Planeria (flatworm) |
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Vegetative Propagation (& Examples)
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Plant regeneration
1)Natural -BULB: tulip, onion, garlic -TUBER: potato -RUNNER: strawberry, grass 2)Artificial -CUTTINGS -GRAFTING |
Natural & Artificial
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Fertilization
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Fusion of egg (N) + sperm (N)= ZYGOTE (2N)
gametes are monoploids fertilization restores diploid number |
Monoploid numbers
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Hermaphrodites
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Both FUNCTIONAL gonads
-Earthworm -Hydra -Snails |
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Modified Sexual Reproduction
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Parthenogenisis: Egg develops into an embryo without sperm
-Drone (male bee): vibrations cause female egg to cleave |
Parthenogenisis
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External Fertilization
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Egg & Sperm unite OUTSIDE of female
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Conditions for External Fertilization
& Externally fertilizing organisms |
Lots of embryos
Little prenatal care USUALLY in H20 -Fish, Amphibians When on land: SHELLED AMNIOTIC EGG |
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Parts of the amniotic egg
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ALLANTIOS: Respiration, exretion (diffuse in & out of egg)
CHORION: Surrounds membranes AMNION: Fluid H2O protection YOLK: Stored food SHELL: Porous, protective |
allantios
chorion amnion yolk shell |
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Internal Fertilization
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Egg & Sperm unite INSIDE of female
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Conditions for Internal Fertilization & Internally Fertilizing Organisms
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Mammals, birds, reptiles
Fewer eggs More prenatal care |
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Steps of internal fertilization
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>Egg meets sperm
>Diploid # restored >"Cleavage" (mitosis) occurs >MORULA >BLASTULA >GASTRULA |
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Morula
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Solid ball of 100s of cells
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Blastula
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Hollow ball of cells
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Gastrula
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"Germ Layer"
3 cell layers form |
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Differentiation of Gastrula
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Cells become specialized
ECTODERM (outer): -epidermis -nervous system ENDODERM (inner): -digestive -respiratory -pancreas -liver MESODERM (middle): -muscles -circulatory -skelaton -excratory -gonads -immulayer of skin |
Endoderm
Mesoderm Ectoderm |
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Types of Internal Development & Examples
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PLACENTAL
-Mammals NON-PLACENTAL -Organisms -Marsupials (pouched) -Fish -Some sharks --- All use 'yolk sac' |
Placental
Non-Placental |
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Placental Development
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PLACENTA:
-develops in uterus -highly musculated structure -houses the embryo -forms from mother & embryo -ALL materials exchanged at CHORIONIC VILLI [foods, gases, wastes] AMNIOTIC SAC: -fluid protection UMBIBLICAL CORD: -functional connection for placenta to embryo |
Placenta
Amniotic Sac Umbiblical Cord |
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Male Reproductive System
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TESTES:
-2 paired -Begin in abdomen --> descend into outpocketing of body wall [SCROTUM] -Must be 2-4 degrees cooler for optimum SPERM COUNT (250-500 million sperm) VAS DEFERENS -Tube: Testes --> Urethra -VASECTOMY: Tube tied GLANDS (SEMINAL FLUID) -Prostate -Couper -Seminal Vesicles PENIS deposits sperm into vagina |
Testes
Vas Deferens Glands Penis |
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What do the seminal glands produce?
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fructose & alkaline
--> transport moisture & food for sperm (no cytoplasm) |
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Female Reproductive System
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OVARIES:
-2 paired -Stay in abdomen FALLOPIAN TUBES: -Also called "oviduct" -trasport egg from ovary to uterus FOLLICLE: -Cavity in ovary UTERUS: -Highly musculated -Can expand x 10 CERVIX: -Opening to uterus -TUBAL LITIGATION prevents ovulation VAGINA: -Egg dischared -Birth Canal -Receptacle for penis VULVA: -Outside Folds |
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes Follicle Uterus Cervix Vagina Vulva |
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Stages of the Menstrual Cycle
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Follicle Stage
Ovulation Corpus Luteum Menstruation |
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Follicle Stage
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DAY 5
-FSH stimulates ovary --Ovaries produce estrogen -Egg matures/ ripes |
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Ovulation
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DAY 14
-Egg is released |
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Corpus Luteum
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DAY 15
-Follicle heals (Lutenizing Hormone) -Progesterone causes lining of the uterus to thicken |
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Menstruation
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-If egg is NOT fertilized, lining of the uterus and small amounts of blood is discharged
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Where do egg and sperm unite?
Where does cleavage occur? Where does implantation occur? |
-UPPER PART OF FALLOPIAN TUBES
-LOWER PART OF FALLOPIAN TUBES -LINING OF THE UTERUS |
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Implantation
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Gastrula attatches to lining of the uterus.
Invitro: Artificial implantation Identical twins: 1 sperm 1 egg Fraternal twins: 2 sperm 2 egg |
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Non-reproductive parts of flower
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Petal
-color & odor -attracts insects & birds Sepal -Small leaves that hold petals |
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Male reproductive parts of plant
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STAMEN
-Anther: meiosis, produces pollen (sperm) -Filament: wirelike, holds anther |
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Femalre reproductive parts of plant
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PISTIL
-Stigma: at the top, sticky, recieves pollen grains -Style: Tube -Ovary: Contains ovule |
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Steps in plant reproduction
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1. MEIOSIS:
-Pollen (N) sperm forms in anther -Egg (N) forms in ovule 2. POLLINATION -pollen grains land in stigma (SELF/CROSS pollination) 3. FERTILIZATION -A) Pollen (N) + Egg (N)= Zygote (2N) -B) Pollen (N)+ 2 Polar Bodies (N)(N)= ENDOSPERM (3N) Triploid --> Food for plant 4. SEED FORMS (in ovule) 5. FRUIT (ovary) -protects the deed |
Meiosis
Pollination Fertilization Seed formation Fruit |
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Needs for Germination
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-O2
-H2O -Specific Temperature -Light is NOT needed (endosperm used for food) |
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Parts of a seed
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SEED COAT
EMBRYO EPYCOTYL -leaves -upper stem HYPOCOTYL -roots -leaves -stem COTYLEDON -stored food |
Seed Coat
Embryo Epycotyl Hypocotyl Cotyledon |
