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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the contributions of the scientists Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase in the study of DNA?
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Hershey and Chase concluded that the genetic material of the bacteriophage (a virus that infects bacteria) was DNA, not protein.
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What are the contributions of the scientist Oswald Avery in the study of DNA?
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Avery discovered that the nucleic acid DNA stores and transmits the genetic information from one generation of an organism to the next. (SIMPLY: he discovered genes are in DNA)
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What are the contributions of the scientist Fredrick Griffith in the study of DNA?
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Griffith discovered because the ability to cause disease was inherited by a tranformed bacteria's offspring in his experiment, the tranforming factor might be a gene.
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What are the contributions of the scientists Francis Crick and James Watson in the study of DNA?
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Watson and Crick discovered that the structure of DNA is a double helix. (two strands are wound around each other)
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What are the contributions of the scientist Erwin Chargaff in the study of DNA?
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Chargaff discovered that the percentages of guanine (G) and Cytosine (C) bases are the same in DNA. This is also true for adenine (A) and thymine (T) (SIMPLE: G=C and A=T. This is known as Chargaff's Rules.
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What did Rosalind Franklin contribute to the study of DNA?
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Franklin studied DNA with a tecnique called X-Ray diffraction to get information about the structure of the DNA molecule.
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What contributions did Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl make to the study of DNA?
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Meselson and Stahl discovered that DNA replication is semi-conservative (produce two copies that each contained one original [parent] strands and one new strand [daughter])
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What contributions did Linus Pauling make to the study of DNA?
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Pauling thought that DNA was a triple helix (INCORRECT)
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What is the shape of the DNA ladder?
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A double helix
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What makes up the sides of the DNA ladder?
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Phosphate groups and sugars
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What makes up the rungs (steps) of the DNA ladder?
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Nitrogen bases
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What sugar is in DNA?
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Deoxyribose
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What two bases are the Purines?
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Adenine and guanine (A and G)
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What are the two bases that are single ring structures?
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Cytosine and Thymine (C and T)
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What bases pair together?
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(A and T) & (C and G)
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What type of bond holds the base pairs together?
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Hydrobonds
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What three molecules make up a nucleotide?
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Sugar, nitrogen base, and phosphate
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What protein structure is DNA tightly wound around?
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Histones
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What enzyme opens up the helix during replication?
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Helicase
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Where does replication occur?
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At the replication fork in the nucleus
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What are the fragments of DNA called that copy on the lagging strand?
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Okazaki fragments
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Why does one strand of DNA copy continuously and the other does not?
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5-3 copies continously because they can only synthesize in one direction
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Why is it necessary for DNA to copy itself?
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so mitosis can occur and to grow and repair cells
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In replication, what does semi-conservative mean?
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One strand of DNA is the original (parent) and the other is the new strand (daughter)
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In what direction does replication occur?
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in 5-3 direction
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What is the role of DNA polymerase?
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To bond the base pairs together and to detect, remove, and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides
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What is the role of ligase?
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To bond sides of the DNA ladder together
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Who discover the DNA structure and what year?
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James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953
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Where does transcription occur?
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In the nucleus
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What is made during transcription?
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mRNA (messenger RNA)
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What are three differences between DNA and RNA?
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(The sugar is different) (DNA has a double helix structure, RNA is a single helix structure) (DNA uses Thymine and RNA uses Uracil)
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Where does translation occur?
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In the Ribosome
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What is a codon?
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mRNA
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What is an anticodon?
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tRNA
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What molecule brings the amino acids to the ribosome during Translation?
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tRNA
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What is the name of the bond between two amino acids?
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Peptide
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What makes up a long chain of amino acids make up?
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a polypeptide
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What are some examples of proteins in your body?
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Hair, skin, nails
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What is it called when a mutation where a base is changed or substitued?
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Point mutation
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What is it called when a mutation where a base is deleted or added?
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A frame-shift mutation
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What is a silent mutation?
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When there is a change in a DNA sequence it doesnt change the Amino Acid
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What events occur to turn the Lac Operon on?
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The presence of Lactose.(binds to repressor protein to prevent it from sticking to DNA so RNA polymerase binds and begins transcription)
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What events occur to turn the Lac Operon off?
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The repressor protein turns it off. (Binds with operator [segment of DNA] to prevent the gene from bein transcribed)
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How do Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic DNA differ?
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Prokaryotic-DNA is circular and called plasma
Eukaryotic-DNA is linear in the form of chromosomes |
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What is the role of a hox gene?
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It controls the differentiation (specialized in structure and function) of cells and tissues in the embryo
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In RNA editing, what segments get cut out?
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Introns
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