Honors Bio Chapter 1 Vocabulary Terms

Front 1

Organic Compounds

Back 1

Bonds of carbon, hydrogen, and sometimes oxygen or nitrogen atoms

Hint 1

1. An example is a lipid

2. Includes monosaccharides, polysaccharides, and disaccharides

Front 2

Macromolecules

Back 2

Long, chain-like bonds of carbon

Hint 2

1. "Backbone" of large molecules

2. Prefix of word means long or excessive

Front 3

Carbohydrates

Back 3

Any organic compound that contains oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon

Hint 3

1. Common examples are sugars or starch

2. Seen as a 1:2:1 ratio, for example C12H22O11

Front 4

Monosaccharides

Back 4

Simple carbohydrates, containing as low as 3 carbon atoms and as high as 7 carbon atoms

Hint 4

1. Greek origin, prefix meaning "single" and suffix meaning "sugar"

2. Common examples are fructose and ribose

Front 5

Disaccharides

Back 5

Carbohydrate formed by two monosaccharides joining together

Hint 5

1. Common examples include table sugar or sucrose

2. Greek origin, prefix meaning "two", suffix meaning "sugar"

Front 6

Polysaccharides

Back 6

Complex carbohydrates formed through the combination of many glucose molecules

Hint 6

1. Common examples are starch and cellulose

2. Greek origin, prefix meaning "many", suffix meaning "sugar"

Front 7

Lipids

Back 7

Macromolecules that store energy and carbon and also support the structure of the cell membrane

Hint 7

1. Also know as fats or oils

2. Contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but not in a fixed ratio

Front 8

Saturated Fats

Back 8

Fats containing saturated fatty acids

Hint 8

1. Solid at room temperature

2. Common examples are lard or butter

Front 9

Unsaturated fats

Back 9

Fats containing unsaturated fatty acids

Hint 9

1. Oily liquid at room temperature

2. Common examples are olive oil or corn oil

Front 10

Proteins

Back 10

Macromolecules made from amino acids that are found in every living cell

Hint 10

1. Skin, hair, and muscles are made from these

2. These are also considered the messengers and protectors of the cell

Front 11

Amino acids

Back 11

Molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur that make up proteins

Hint 11

2. "Building blocks" of protein

Front 12

Peptide bond

Back 12

Covalent bond formed when the amino group of one molecule bonds with the acid group of another

Hint 12

2. Polypeptides are held together by this type of bond

Front 13

Polypeptide

Back 13

Multiple peptide bonds forming into long chains

Hint 13

1. Long chains result in proteins

2. An example is glucagon

Front 14

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures

Back 14

First, it begins as a sequence of amino acids which folds, then it will continue folding in Murillo directions until it bonds with another of similar structure

Hint 14

2. During the sequence, it will likely fold itself into globular or spherical shapes

Front 15

Nucleic Acids

Back 15

Macromolecules that control the sequences of amino acid folding and bonding

Hint 15

1. Source of genetic information

2. Also known as the "chemical link between generations"

Front 16

Nucleotides

Back 16

Beginning units of nucleic acids, made of a pentose (5-carbon sugar), connected to a single or double ring of nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen, then finally connected to a phosphate group

Hint 16

1. Connect to form long chains into nucleic acid

2. Can contain one of two sugars, either ribose or deoxyribose

Front 17

DNA

Back 17

Made from four nucleotides that contain deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and one of the four bases

Hint 17

1. Occurs in a double helix with two nucleotides as the chains

2. Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid

Front 18

RNA

Back 18

Nucleotides that contain ribose form this nucleic acid

Hint 18

1. Single strand unlike DNA

2. The base thymine will be replaced by uracil

Front 19

Nitrogen bases

Back 19

Basic compound containing purines or pyrimidines found in nucleic acids of RNA and DNA

Hint 19

1. Contain adenine, or guanine, thymine, or cytosine

2. Attached to a sugar, either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA

Front 20

Double helix

Back 20

Structure for DNA molecule where hydrogen bonds are formed between adenine and thymine, and cytosine and guanine within two long chains of nucleotides

Hint 20

2. James Watson and Francis Crick proposed this in 1953

Front 21

Genes

Back 21

Formed by DNA and transmits the hereditary traits from one generation to the next

Hint 21

1. What is passed on from parents to their offspring

2. Different in everyone/being

Front 22

Single helix

Back 22

Contains a singular sugar-phosphate backbone and the different nucleic bases

Hint 22

2. RNA can bend and fold in a double helix but usually stays as a _______

Front 23

Enzymes

Back 23

Usually a protein molecule, used to lower activation energy in a reaction

Hint 23

1. Used as a catalyst in reactions

2. Without these, some chemical reactions would be performed too slow to sustain life

Front 24

Ribose

Back 24

Simple sugar or monosaccharide that contains 5 carbons atoms, 10 hydrogen atoms, and 5 oxygen atoms

Hint 24

1. It is a pentose sugar, meaning it has 5 carbons

2. When this loses one of it oxygen atoms, it becomes deoxyribonucleic acid

Front 25

Deoxyribose

Back 25

Type of sugar found in DNA, derived from ribose

Hint 25

1. Chemical formula: C6H10O4

2. Component in the chains of DNA

Front 26

Fatty acids and glycerol

Back 26

Can be either saturated or unsaturated, and are the building blocks to lipids

Hint 26

1. These two make up he simple fats found most common in our diets

2. Common ___ ____ have 16 or 18 carbon atoms