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155 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Reverse Transcriptase
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Enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of DNA on and RNA template
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Binary Fission
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asexual reproduction in which a single cell forms 2 cells by splitting in half.
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Zygote
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Fetilized egg. Egg and sperm have come together
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Autotroph
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Makes own food
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Heterotroph
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dependent on other organisms for food
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Hypotonic
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solution with a lower concentration of solutes
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Hypertonic
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A solution with a higher concentration of solutes
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Isotonic
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have the same amount of solute
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Codon
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3-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that makes a specific amino acid
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Gene
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Unit of hereditary information carried by DNA
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What are the 4 necessary elements of life
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Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucelic acid
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Monosaccharide
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simplest carbohydrate. Simple sugar
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disaccharide
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link of two simple sugars. Maltose
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Polysaccharide
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Chains of sugars.
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Ionic
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attraction between 2 ions with opposite charges. Donate or accept electrons
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Covalent
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attraction between atoms that share electrons
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Why is water polar?
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One side is more positive and one side is more negative.
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polymer
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a large molecule consisting of identical molecular units covalently bonded in a chain
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hydrolysis
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macromolecules are broken down by addition of water. Makes bonds and loses water
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Dehydration synthesis
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Monomers are linked by removal of water AKA condensation
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What are 4 examples of polysacharides?
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Starch, glycogrn, cellulose, chitin
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How are phosfolipid molecules arranged?
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hydrophilic heads facing water while hydrophobic tails are away from water
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Hydrogen forms__bonds?
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1
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Oxygen forms ___ bonds
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2
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Carbon forms __ bonds
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4
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Cell membrane (function)
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Helps protect the cell. Filters things coming in and out
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Ribosomes
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makes protein
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Mitochondria
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makes and stores energy
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Smooth ER
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helps to digest drugs and other harmful substances
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Rough ER
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helps to make protein
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Lysosomes
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dijestive
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Nucleus
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brain of the cell. Tells the other parts what to do.
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Golgi Apparatus
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Finishes, sorts and ships cell products
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Chloroplasts
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converts solar energy to chemical energy
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Prokaryotic
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Came first, simpler, lacks membrane enclosed nucleus. Bacteria and archae
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Eukaryotic
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Came later, more complex. Has a membrane enclosed nucleus. All other organisms except Bacteria and archae
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Plants are different from Animal cells because...
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Cell wall, central vacuole, chlorophyl, chloroplasts, cellulose
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Animals are different from plant cells because..
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cell membrans, small vacuols, and chitin
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3 parts of cell theory
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Cells are the basic unit of life
all organisms are made of cells All cells come from preexisting cells |
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7 levels of organization are..
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cells
Tissue organ organ system organisms population biosphere |
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Osmosis
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movement of water from a hlow to hight concentration. uses energy
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Diffusion
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movement of water from high to low concentration
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Active transport
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transport of particles --> Uses energy
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Passive transport
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transport of particles--> does not use energy
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Plasmolysis
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shrinking from cell wall caused by a loss of water through osmosis
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cytolysis
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when cell bursts/dies
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glycolysis
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chemical breakdown of glucose into 2 pyruvates. First stage of cellular respiration in all organisms. Takes place in cytoplasm
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Reactants of glycolysis (1)
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Glucose
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Products of glycolysis (2)
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2NADPH and 2ATP
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Final product of aerobic respiration (1)
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fermentation
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Major steps of glycolysis(4)
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glycolysis
intermediate Krebs cycle Electron transport chain |
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Anaerobic makes ___ ATP
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2
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aerobic makes ___ ATP
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38
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Photosynthesis happens in...
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plants
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Cellular respiration happens in...
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All eukaryotic cells
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What is the final electron acceptor in respiration?
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Oxygen
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What are 2 types of fermentation
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LActid acid fermentation and alcahol fermentation
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Interphase
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longest part of the cell cyle. Cells do not divide.
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G1
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cell grows and matures
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S
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copies DNA
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G2
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prepares to divide
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Mitosis
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division of nucleus.. 5 phases
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Cytokenesis
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divison of cytoplasm
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Prophase
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chromatid go to chromosomes
Nucelus disapears Centrioles go to oppeosite ends |
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Prometaphase
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nuclear envelope breaks down
spindle fibers attach to kinetichores |
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Metaphase
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chromosomes line up in the middle
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Anaphase
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centromeres splits
Spnidle fibers pull sister chromatids apart |
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Telephase
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chromosomes coil back into chromatin
Nuclear envelope reforms and nucelosis reforms |
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Crossing over
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chromosomes are so close to eachother that they trade DNA
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Homologous chromosomes
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duplicates, twins
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sister chromatids
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chromosomes split in half
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Oogenesis
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happen in women and produces 3 polar bodies and 1 egg
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spermagenesis
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happen in men and produces 4 sperm
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Dna is copied in the __ phase
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S
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What shape is DNA?
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double helix
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In DNA what is in the middle. Rungs
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the bases
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What make up the outside of DNA?
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phosphate and sugar
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base A pairs with
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base T
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base C pairs with
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base G
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nitrogen bases are bonded with a _________
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hydrogen bond
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Homozygous
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have the same alleles AA or aa
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Heterozygous
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have different alleles Aa
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Genotype
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Genes the child will have
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Phenotype
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What the child will look like
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Gene
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codes for hereditary information
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Karyotype
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picture of the genes
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Mendel
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father of genetics, monk, worked with pea plants
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Morgan
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worked with fruit flies to see how traits are passed down
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Sutton
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came up with chromosome theory of inheritance
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sturtevant
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gene mapping
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Punnent square is used to..
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see the genotype and phenotype ratio of offspring
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monohybrid cross
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punnent square for one trait
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dihybrid cross
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punnent square for two traits
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nondisjunction
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chromosomes dont separate correctly
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polyploidy
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extra set of chromosomes
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somatic
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body cells
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germ cells
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sex cells. sex mutations passed onto offspring
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cystic fibrosis
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mutation that causes mucus in the lungs
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sickle cell anemia
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cells are sickled and not shaped right
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color blindness
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cones of eye aren't shaped right. Can't differentiate between colors
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Klinefelters syndrome
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small testicles. Cosidered "Part Women"
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Turners syndrome
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small uterus
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Down syndrome
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similar to mental retardation. chromosomes are messed up
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Huntingtons disease
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gradual mental deterioration
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cleavage
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cell divisions
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Fertilization
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when the egg and sperm meet to form a zygote
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Blastula
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hollow ball of cells
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gastrula
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germ layers
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zygote
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egg and sperm that came together to form one part
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implantation
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when the zygote implants in the uteran lining
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morula
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solid ball of cells
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gastrulation
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when the germ layers are separtated
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Placenta
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to get nutrients from mothers blood to babys blood attached by the umbilical cord
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What is the first system to develope in a baby?
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nervous system
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What developes from yolk?
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reproductive and body cells
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Stem cells
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cells that dont know what they are going to specialize
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oxytocin
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makes muscles to contract
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endoderm forms
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lungs, linings, respitory system uniary tract
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ectoderm
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nervous system
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mesoderm
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organs, muscles, tissue, skeleton
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2 parts of virus are..
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nucleic acid and capsid (protein coat)
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lytic virus
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kills host cells right away
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lysogenic
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slowly kills host cells
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retrovirus
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type of rna virus
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obligate anaerobe
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cannot breath air!
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basic solution range is
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7-14
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Acid solution range is
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0-7
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Neutral Solution is
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7
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Catalaze is a ___________.
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Enzyme
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Denaturation
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break down
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Contractive vacuole
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pumps water out of the cells
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What goes into photosynthesis?
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Light, water and carbon dioxide
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What comes out of photosynthesis?
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Oxygen and G3p
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ADP has ____ phosphates
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2
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ATP has _____ photphates
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3
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cuticle
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waxy layer on leaf that protects the leaf.
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Veins
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transport of water and food
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xylem
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transports water
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phloem
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transports food
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Stomata
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lets things in and out of the cell
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guard cells
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open and close stomata
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Body cells are __loid
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diploid
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Sex cells are __loid
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haploid
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What colors are the best for photosynthesis?
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red and blue
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What colors are the worst for photosynthesis?
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green
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DNA has to stay in the ___
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nucleus
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In DNA A pairs with __
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T
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In RNA A pairs with__
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U
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DNA has __ strand/s
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2
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RNA has __ strand/s
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1
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Dna's sugar is..
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deoxyribose
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RNA's sugar is ..
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ribose
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Plants form a ____ that then forms a cell wall.
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Cell plate
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Animal cells for a _____ when dividing
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cleavage furrow
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Profage
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virus in which DNA is dormant
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