Honors Anatomy And Physiology/brain Functions And Disorders

Front 1

What part of the brain coordinates movement and parts of motor learning?

Back 1

cerebellum

Front 2

How does the cerebellum control skeletal muscles?

Back 2

with the cerebral cortex it coordinates groups of muscle without jerkiness or shaking

Front 3

What is the main function of the cerebral cortex?

Back 3

maintain balance and smooth coordinated movement

Front 4

What is the function of the cerebrum?

Back 4

conscious activity including emotion, thought, and planning

Front 5

What is a group of nerve cell bodies in the CNS? What is the equivalent in the PNS?

Back 5

nuclei
ganglia

Front 6

What controls involuntary responses, heart beat and respirations, relaying information from spine to upper brain?

Back 6

brainstem

Front 7

What is the largest division of the brain? How many divisions is it made up of? What is the surface of this organ?

Back 7

cerebrum
2
cerebral cortex

Front 8

What structure is made up of only gray matter? What is gray matter?

Back 8

Cerebrum
mostly nerve cell bodies (no myelin)

Front 9

How many layers of the cerebral cortex are there? Each layer contains what?

Back 9

6
millions of axon terminals synapsing with millions of dendrites and cell bodies of other neurons

Front 10

What is beneath the cerebral cortex? what is white matter?

Back 10

interior of cerebrum
white matter
mostly axons covered in myelin (oligodendrocytes)

Front 11

What makes up a large majority of the sensory cortex?

Back 11

face and hand receptors

Front 12

What are the motor functions of the cortex?

Back 12

map of areas controlling muscle movement

Front 13

All the events that occur in the cerebrum between recieving the sensory information and sending out motor impulses is what function of the cortex? This function includes what?

Back 13

integrative function
consciousness and mental

Front 14

Which cerebral hemisphere controls language? What does the right hemisphere control?

Back 14

Left
perception of nonspeech sounds

Front 15

What stores and retrieves short term and long term memories? How long is a short term memory stored?

Back 15

cortex
few minutes or seconds

Front 16

What is a long term memory? What system also helps with long term memories?

Back 16

permanent change in synapses in a specific circuit of neurons
Limbic system

Front 17

What is a group of brain structures that helps regulate the expression of emotion and memory?

Back 17

limbic system

Front 18

Where are the temporary links gotten to form short term memories?

Back 18

hippocampus

Front 19

What happens to the links in the hippocampus when long term memories are made?

Back 19

replaced by more permanent connections in the cerebral cortex

Front 20

What is essential to laying down new long term memories? Is it required to maintain them? Why not?

Back 20

hippocampus
no
damage does not cause loss of old memories; instead it prevents ability to form new lasting memories

Front 21

What is the feeling of pins and needles accompanied by numbness mostly caused by?

Back 21

lack of blood due to sitting in a particular position for a long period of time

Front 22

What is atherosclerosis?

Back 22

artery is narrowed by plaque blockage (frostbite)

Front 23

Where would you feel numbness and tingling if you injure your neck? Lower back?

Back 23

along arm and hand
back of leg

Front 24

What are two other causes of tingling?

Back 24

pressure on nerves in spine
pressure on peripheral nerves

Front 25

What medical condition causes tingling?

Back 25

carpal tunnel syndrome

Front 26

What is TIA (transient ischemic attack) often referred to as? Why?

Back 26

mini stroke
similar symptoms for shorter amount of time

Front 27

How does TIA occur? When does symptoms go away?

Back 27

when blood flow to part of the brain is reduced
when blood flows again

Front 28

What disease is caused from death of basal ganglia (neurons producing dopamine/neurotransmitter)? What are some of the symptoms for this disease? What is the predicted cause of this disease?

Back 28

Parkinson's disease
tremors/slowed movement
persons genes and enviroment; result of another disease; age/inheritance

Front 29

What disease is often genetic and is caused by an overproductions of neurotransmitter (glutamate) killing cells in the basal ganglia? What is a symtpom?

Back 29

Huntington's disease
involuntary jerking movements

Front 30

How is Alzheimer's caused? Symptom?

Back 30

unusual proteins build up in/around neurons in the brain controlling memory
can't remember simple everyday tasks

Front 31

What effect does Alzheimer's have on the brain and its cells?

Back 31

fewer cells and connections
brain shrinkage

Front 32

What are the two types of abnormalities observed when testing for Alzheimers? What are they made of?

Back 32

plaques: clumps outside brain cells
tangles: clumps inside brain cells
protein

Front 33

What do tangles disrupt? how?

Back 33

transportation of materials within cells
breaking down cytoskeleton pathway

Front 34

What is a rapid development loss of brain function due to disturbance to blood supply in the brain? What is another name for this?

Back 34

stroke
acute cerebrovascular attack

Front 35

What are the two kinds of strokes and what are their differences?

Back 35

Ischemic: lack of glucose and oxygen caused by clot
Hemorraghic: blood vessel ruptures and surrounds brain tissue damaging cells

Front 36

What are some symptoms of a stroke?

Back 36

sudden numbness
sudden confusion
sudden sight loss
sudden inability to walk
sudden severe headache