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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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KE=
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(1/2)mv OR (3/2)RT, where R is a constant and T is the temperature in kelvin
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Three tenants of the Kinetic Molecular Theory
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1. All gasses are small hard spheres
2. They move in constant random motion 3. All collisions are elastic (no energy lost whensomething collides) |
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Temperature
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Average Kinetic Energy of all the particles in a sample
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Air molecules move ____________ on a hot day and __________ on a cold day
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fast;slow
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Gas Pressure
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The force exerted by a gas as it collides with a container
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Vacuum
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The absence of gases, empty space
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Atmospheric Pressure
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The pressures exerted by gases in the air
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Barometer
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A device that measures atmospheric pressure
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1 atm =
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760 mm Hg = 101.32 kPa = 1 torr = 14.7 lb/in^2
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Evaporation
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Going from any state to a gas, but not boiling
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Vaporization
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Liquid to a gas, can be evaporation or boiling
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Vapor Pressure
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Pressure exerted by a liquid as it evaporates
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Boiling point
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When the vapor pressure = the atmospheric pressure
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Normal Boiling Point
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Boiling point at 1 atm (sea level)
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2 ways to boil a liquid
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1. Lower atmospheric pressure
2. Increase temperature (Vapor Pressure) |
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The higher the altitude, the __________ the atmospheric pressure
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lower
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The higher the altitude, the __________ the boiling point
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lower
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Melting Point
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The temperature at which a substance goes from a solid to liquid
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The ___________ point and ___________ point are always the same
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melting, freezing
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Allotrope
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An element which has different solid forms (white and black phosphorous, sulfur, carbon)
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Amorphous Solid
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A solid that cools down very quickly and does not form a crystalline structure.
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Glasses
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Amorphous solids of silicon and oxygen
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Phase Diagrams
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Charts that show the temperatures and pressures for a given substance
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Sublimation
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When a substance goes from solid to gas, with no liquid stage
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G->L
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condensing
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L->S
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freezing
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L->G
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boiling
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S->L
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melting
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Which element's phase diagram is different?
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Water's
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Thermochemistry
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Study of the energies in chemical reactions
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Energy
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the capacity to do work or supplying heat
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Chemical Potential Energy
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Energy stored in the structural units (chemical bonds) of chemical substances
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Breaking bonds _________ energy
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takes
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Forming bonds _________ energy
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releases
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Energy flows from...
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Hot to Cold
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System
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The part of the universe that you want to study (usually a chemical reaction or physical change)
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Surroundings
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everything else around the system
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Law of Conservation of Energy
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Energy can neither be created or destroyed, but only transformed
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Exothermic
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Energy released to the surroundings
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Endothermic
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Energy absorbed from the surroundings
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Heat
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the total energy of the system
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Temperature
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The average kinetic energy
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Calorie
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Energy to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree celsius
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1 calorie = _______ Joules
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4.18
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Q =
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mc * change in T
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Heat Capacity
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Heat required to raise the temperature of a substance 1 degree celsius
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Specific Heat
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Heat required to raise 1 gram of a substance 1 degree celsius
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Use Kinetic Theory to explain what causes gas pressure.
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The KMT states that gas particles are small, hard spheres that move in constant random motions. The particles will therefore hit the container in which they remain in and this causes gas pressure.
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Use kinetic theory to explain the difference between evaporation and the boiling of a liquid.
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In evaporation, only certain molecules of water have enough energy to break free of their bonds and turn into gas molecules. In boiling, all water molecules have enough energy to do this.
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How is the average kinetic energy of water molecules affected when you pour hot water from a kettle into cups at the same temperature as the water?
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The average kinetic energy remains the same as long as the temperatures are identical
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What is the relationship between atmospheric pressure and altitude? What effect does this have on the boling point of water
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The higher the altitude, the lower the atmospheric pressure, therefore, the lower the boiling point
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Full definition of the boiling point of a liquid
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When all molecules in the liquid have enough energy to vaporize; when the atmospheric pressure = the vapor pressure
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Which has more heat and why, Smith Mountain Lake or a hot cup of coffee
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Smith Mountain Lake because heat is total amount of energy, temperature is irrelevant
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Energy always flows from ________ to ________
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Hot; Cold
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What happens when two objects of different temperatures come in contact?
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The hotter substance's heat flows into the colder substance until the two are in thermal equilibrium
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Endothermic or Exothermic: Condensing Steam
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Exothermic
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Endo or Exo: Evaporating alcohol
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Endothermic
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Endo or Exo: Burning alcohol
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Exothermic
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Endo or Exo: Baking a potato
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Endothermic
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Q=mc * delta T, where Q is in
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Joules
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Look over 8.4-8.6 math
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Packet
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Know how to describe all parts of a phase change diagram
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Packet
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During a phase change, how much does the temperature change? How much does the Kinetic Energy change? Does the Potential Energy change?
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The temperature remains the same, because the heat energy is going towards breaking the solid or liquid bonds of the substance. The Kinetic Energy remains the same as well. The Potential Energy increases.
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Look over 8.8-8.9 math
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Packet
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Water's molar heat of fusion =
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6.01 kJ/mol
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Water's molar heat of solidification =
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-6.01 kJ/mol
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Water's molar heat of vaporization =
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40.7 kJ/mol
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Water's molar heat of condensation =
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-40.7 kJ/mol
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Water in liquid phase has c =
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4.18
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Water in solid phase has c =
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2.09
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Water in gas phase has c =
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1.7
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