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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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major climatic changes during Pleistocene
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sharp cooling
the period of great fluctuation (over short time) |
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head/teeth features of homo ergaster suited for
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tearing, biting w/ canines, incisors
brow ridges, back of skull buttress of chewing |
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Acheulian tool industry= MODE 2 TOOLS
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bifaces (hand axes, cleavers, picks)
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biface
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cores flaked along sides to produce cutting edge
more cutting edge per kg rock- more efficient than mode 1 |
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mode 2 hand axes
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all have same proportions regardless of size- DESIGN
**unchanged for nearly 1 my butchering carcasses |
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Homo ergaster and fire
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stone tools found near baked earth- know it's not from brush fire b/c only small # of items at site were burned (campfire)
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environmental effects of climate change
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cold- forests shrink, grasslands/deserts spread
warm- forests replace these (affect the mobility of organisms) |
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Mousterian industry- MODE 3 TOOLS
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Levallois technique:
1. strike large, symmetrical flakes from prepared core 2. edges retouched to make sharp edge *more cognitively demanding, power of abstraction |
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hafted tool
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tool attached to handle to apply more force, safety (combat enemies from distance)
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Neanderthals
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homo traits became exaggerated in group of hominids in Europe, W. Asia
distinctive features |
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bodily protections against cold climate
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large, stocky, short limbed
reduction of SA= less heat loss |
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crural index
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ratio of tibia to femur (proportion associated with climate)
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Neanderthal burials
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buried the dead but no undisputed evidence for ceremony- maybe just for hygiene
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migration of modern humans (homo sapiens)
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originated as small pop in Africa
expanded/replaced older hominins elsewhere in Old World |
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mitochondrial DNA
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regulate cell energy processing
contain small amts of DNA (inherited only thru maternal line, no recombination, hi mutation rate) |
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computing amount of genetic diversity among individuals
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extract mtDNA from many ppl
sequence it compute avg # of diffs in base pairs btwn individuals |
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human variation
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more variation within populations than btwn (much less variable than chimps)
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why are humans less variable than chimps?
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human pops have gone thru bottlenecks then expanded quickly
migration episodes- homo sapiens REPLACE older homos |
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Upper Paleolithic industries- MODE 4 TOOLS
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blade tools- longer cutting edge
more time, prep, finishing strokes, abstraction |
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diversification of tool kits
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even greater abilities of abstraction, variety of materials too
chisels, drills, scrapers, etc |
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Upper Paleolithic ppl hunted...
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wider range of prey species
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Homo sapien shelters
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large shelters with mammoth bones, covered with skins
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Homo sapien clothing
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sewing needles/awls
animal skins, decorated with beads |
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ceremony of homo sapiens
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burials common- buried with everyday objects (concept of life after death)
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art of homo sapiens
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carvings, instruments, ornaments
cave paintings *aesthetic sense, ethnic identity |
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2 hypotheses about origins of modern human behavior
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1. sudden change in cognitive ability (devel of language, symbolism)
2. product of gradual changes |
