Homeostasis And Control Systems I

Front 1

What is the function of the Rough ER?

Back 1

To synthesize proteins using genetic material translated by ribosomes

Front 2

What are the functions of Microtubules and what is another name for them?

Back 2

Intracellular Movement (superhighway for proteins);
microfillaments

Front 3

What are Microtubules made out of and how does this help the cell?

Back 3

Structural proteins that form cytoskeleton which keeps all of the organelles where they’re supposed to be

Front 4

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur and what is it function?

Back 4

Mitochondria;
to create ATP via aerobic respiration to power the cells

Front 5

T/F: Active Transport goes from an area of higher concentration gradient to lower

Back 5

False: In passive transport, movement is from lower to higher. In active, it fights against this tendency by expending energy in the form of ATP.

Front 6

Where is interstitial fluid found?

Back 6

between cells and vascular compartment

Front 7

Where would one find ECF?

Back 7

all cells in the body whose composition is tightly regulated by the body

Front 8

Active transport is always:

Back 8

carrier-mediated (ATP, proteins, etc.)

Front 9

How many fluid compartments are there?

Back 9

3

Front 10

What determines the health of ICF?

Back 10

Intracellular fluid health is determined by ECF health

Front 11

What parameters of ECF are the most important?

Back 11

Temp and pH

Front 12

What are the components of the homeostatic feedback loop?

Back 12

Sensor, integrator, effector, and compensatory response

Front 13

To use the furnace example, which role do the thermometer, thermostat, and furnace play?

Back 13

Thermometer = sensor which compares against set point

Thermostat = Integrator which recieves info from the sensor and tells the effector to act

Furnace = Effector which receives commands from the integrator and actually executes command

Front 14

HFL maintanence is provided by transit through the:

Back 14

circulatory system

Front 15

Nutrients are:

Back 15

substrates for maintaining homeostasis

Front 16

Properties of muscle include:

Back 16

being made of microfilaments and microtubules and having a high density of mitochondria

Front 17

what act as barriers for foreign bodies in the internal environment inside epithelium?

Back 17

lumenal and basolateral membranes (closest to bloodstream); associated with capillaries

Front 18

Epithelium that are specialized to create more proteins have:

Back 18

above-average numbers of ER and golgi

Front 19

Glands are:

Back 19

specialized epithelium which contain more ER and golgi than the other epithelia.

Front 20

Exocrine glands secrete:

Back 20

onto the surface of some organ (sweat on epidermis)

Front 21

Endocrine gland secrete:

Back 21

products directly into the blood-stream (hormones)

Front 22

What type of tissue is the most diverse?

Back 22

connective (adipose, blood, tendon, bone, etc.)

Front 23

The major structural protein is:

Back 23

collagen

Front 24

What are the 4 main components of the plasma membrane?

Back 24

Structural lipids ([1]phospholipids and [2] cholesterol); [3] proteins; [4] some C chains assoc. w/ lipids and proteins that act as markers (blood type)

Front 25

What are the major IC and EC ions?

Back 25

K+ is major IC ion
Na+ is major EC ion

Front 26

Why can't IC proteins get outside of cells?

Back 26

They're too large

Front 27

Why is there very little free Ca++ inside cells?
What does Ca++ do ICy?

Back 27

Because they are of bound up ICy; initiates cellular function

Front 28

Why do PMs have limited passive transport potential?

Back 28

Because they only allow in non-polar molecules (lipids) and very small polar ones

Front 29

What does amphipathic mean?

Back 29

That a cell has a polar and non-polar end.

Front 30

Which side of a phospholipid is hydrophilic and which is hydrophobic?

Back 30

The PL head is hydrophilic (polar) and its tail is hydrophobic (non-polar)

Front 31

Why is the model for the PLB bilayer referred to as the Fluid Mosaic Model?

Back 31

Because the fluid, PLs, is not static and the PM is a mosaic of different components.

Front 32

What keeps PM stable and prevents them from crystalizing?

Back 32

Amphipathic cholesterol gets in between fatty acid chains

Front 33

What's the major differnce between passive and active transport?

Back 33

The latter requires an energy source, usually ATP, while the former does not

Front 34

Membrane proteins:

Back 34

act as surface receptors; allow the passage of polar and ionic molecules; facilitate IC signaling

Front 35

What kinds of molecules can easily move through the PM passively?

Back 35

Small lipid soluble molecules, such as fatty acid chains, CO2, & O2 and extremely small polar molecules by way of (usually) specific passive channels on the PM

Front 36

Large amounts of water do not move through PMs by diffusion but instead use:

Back 36

aquaporins (water channels)

Front 37

How is most passive transport accomplished?

Back 37

Simple diffusion

Front 38

Net diffusion only occurs when:

Back 38

there is a positive or negative concentration gradient between two compartments

Front 39

Net diffusion only applies when:

Back 39

there is a significant amount of concentration change

Front 40

Net diffusion is a form of:

Back 40

simple diffusion

Front 41

Fick's Law as it applies to the rate of diffusion states that the factors that influence said rate are:

Back 41

steepness of concentration gradient (dif bet high vs low higher = faster); permeability (more = faster); size or MW (smaller = faster); thickness of diffusion barrier (thinner = faster); surface area available for diffusion (greater = faster)

Front 42

Osmosis works with semi-permeable membranes because:

Back 42

solute can't pass through and thus exerts osmotic pressure on the side opposite to that of higher solute concentration

Front 43

Milliosmols (mOsm) measure:

Back 43

the # of particles dissolved in H20; plasma is 290 mOsm

Front 44

T/F: H20 always moves towards a higher level of mOsm/osmolarity

Back 44

True: this is because it wants to balance out the concentration of the solute by diluting the area with a higher concentration of solute

Front 45

What is the only type of solution tonicity that is safe to put in the human body?

Back 45

Isotonic, meaning that it won't affect cell volume; in humans, this is ~290 mOsm

Front 46

Hypotonic solutions:

Back 46

move into a cell, increasing cell volume

Front 47

Hypertonic solutions:

Back 47

move out of a cell, causing it to shrink

Front 48

What is required for facilitated diffusion?

Back 48

A protein carrier which will bind to the substance that is to undergo FD

Front 49

What is the process of facilitated diffusion?

Back 49

A molecule binds to a protein, changing its shape, and when the molecule reaches its target cell, it loses affinity for the protein, returning to its original shape

Front 50

What is a concentration gradient?

Back 50

The difference between two chambers in terms of their concentration.

Front 51

T/F: Facilitated diffusion seeks out an area of high concentration

Back 51

False: it seeks out an area of low concentration to balance the two areas out

Front 52

What are the limitations of facilitated diffusion?

Back 52

Specificity of the protein carrier's binding site; competition between similar types of proteins; a limited number of available carriers results in saturation

Front 53

Facilitated Diffusion is a form of:

Back 53

assisted passive transport and carrier-mediated transport

Front 54

The energy source for Primary Active Transport is:

Back 54

ATP

Front 55

The mechanism P Active Tranport uses is:

Back 55

Na+/K+ ATPase (pump)

Front 56

P Active Transport uses ATP to pump:

Back 56

Na+ out of a cell and K+ in at a ratio of 3:2.

Front 57

The plasma membrane plays an important role in maintaining intracellular homeostasis by:

Back 57

Defining external boundary of cell which prevents entry of pathogens and regulates what can come into cell; maintaining the difference in fluid composition inside vs outside; maintiaing ion concentration inside vs outside; keeping IC contents in

Front 58

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

Back 58

Sensing Environment
Control Entry and Exit
Eliminate CO2 + waste
Receive Protein Enzymes

Front 59

Peroxisomes:

Back 59

break down H202 which would otherwise be toxic to a cell.

Front 60

Mitochondria is where

Back 60

oxidative phosphorilation (creates ATP [aerobic respiration])

Front 61

Lysosomes are

Back 61

generic; contain digestive enzymes that break down carbs, fats, etc

Front 62

Vesicular Transport is

Back 62

a form of active transport that is either endo- or exocytotic

Front 63

Vesicular transport involves

Back 63

large particles being wrapped in a membrane-enclosed vesicle, which requires ATP

Front 64

Exocytotic products form in

Back 64

the ER and Golgi Complex

Front 65

Exocytosis results in an increase or decrease of Ca2+ levels?

Back 65

It results in an increase to overcome the membrane potential

Front 66

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is when:

Back 66

both a receptor and the target molecule is brought into the cell, such as insulin

Front 67

Gain in a control system is

Back 67

Correction over Error

Front 68

A system with a low gain is:

Back 68

more precise, as in pH regulation

Front 69

Before an effector can act in a control system:

Back 69

a predictor determines how much change will occur based on past experience and natural affinity

Front 70

Integrators send a:

Back 70

duplicate command to both the effector and predictor.

Front 71

The CNS is made up of:

Back 71

the brain and the spinal cord

Front 72

Secondary Active Transport involves symporters and antiporters and uses:

Back 72

potential energy stored in the concentration gradients of certain substances, the most important of which is the Na+ conc. gradient

Front 73

the Na+ conc. gradient:

Back 73

causes Na+ to move against its ionic concentration gradient, which maintains the electrical and osmotic integrity of the cell

Front 74

The efferent division of the PNS:

Back 74

contains the ANS and the somatic nervous system, which controls voluntary motor function, as well as effector organs composed of glands and tissue

Front 75

The afferent division of the PNS controls:

Back 75

conscious sensory stimuli and visceral stimuli in the form of BP control or pain

Front 76

The CNS communicates with the PNS via the:

Back 76

Efferent division

Front 77

The PNS communicates with the CNS via the:

Back 77

Afferent division

Front 78

The sympathetic subdivision of the ANS is the:

Back 78

fight or flight division

Front 79

The parasympathetic division is the:

Back 79

relaxation division

Front 80

Both division of the ANS work on :

Back 80

smooth and cardiac muscle and glands

Front 81

Membrane Potential (MP) is

Back 81

Difference in charge of inside of cell compared to outside

Front 82

K+ ions are found:

Back 82

inside cells

Front 83

- charged amino acids are found

Back 83

inside cells

Front 84

All cells are negatively charged internally because

Back 84

they have proteins that can’t leave

Front 85

ECF is positively charged because of the presence of:

Back 85

Na+ ions

Front 86

Dendrites:

Back 86

signal toward the cell body

Front 87

Axons:

Back 87

signals away from the cell body. The axon is also called the nerve fiber.

Front 88

The first part of the axon plus the part of the cell body where the axon exits is:

Back 88

the axon hillock

Front 89

The part of a neuron that has the lowest threshold for action potential is:

Back 89

the axon hillock

Front 90

The electrical gradient of IntraC K+ is the:

Back 90

opposite of the concentration gradient

Front 91

when the concentration and electrical gradient are equal but pointing in opposite directions:

Back 91

equilibrium potential is reached and no movement occurs

Front 92

K+ has an equilibrium potential of:

Back 92

-90 mV

Front 93

Na+ has an equilibrium potential of:

Back 93

+60 mV