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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Homeostasis |
The maintenance of a constant and stable internal environment e.g body temp |
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Name three examples of Homeostasis |
- A constant body temp. of 37 degrees - Appropriate blood sugar level - Regulate fluid volume |
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What is the negative feedback loop? Give an example relating to body temp |
A negative feedback loop opposes or resists a change in the body's internal conditions. e.g If the body temp rises too high, this is sensed by the Hypothalamus. This then sends signals to the blood vessels to dilate in order for more blood flow to flow close to the body's surface and excess heat radiates from the body. |
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What is the Positive feedback loop? Give an example relating to child birth |
A positive feedback loop increases or enhances a change in the body's internal conditions. e.g In childbirth, the stretching of the uterus triggers the secretion of a hormone, oxytocin, which stimulates contractions of the uterus and speeds up labor |
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What are the functions of Blood? |
- Transport nutrients from digestive system to tissue - Transport waste products to the lungs and urinary system - Transport hormones to cells |
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What is the composition of Blood? |
Solid section - 45% of blood volume, Include: - Red Blood Cells - White Blood cells - Platelets Liquid Plasma - 55% of blood volume, Include: - Plasma |
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How many types of Blood Vessels are there, and what are they called? |
There are 5 different blood vessels. They are Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules and Veins |
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What are the Arteries and Arterioles function and how do they work together? |
Arteries and Arterioles carry deoxygenated blood away from the heart. They work together as the Arteriole is smaller than the Arteries and is the connector vessel between the Arteries and Capillaries. |
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What is the function of the Capillaries? |
The capillaries are the smallest blood vessel and receive oxygenated blood from the Arterioles and then transport it through venules. |
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What are the Veins and Venules function and how do they work together? |
Veins and Venules carry Oxygenated blood back to the heart. They work together as the Venules are the smaller vessel that then feeds into the larger vessel, Veins. |
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What are the 3 main features of the Cardiovascular System? |
1. Transporting essential nutrients to the cell - Oxygen, Water and Food nutrients 2. Transporting Hormones throughout the body 3. Removing waste such as Carbon Dioxide |
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Describe the Right side of the Heart's structure Stopping at the Pulmonary Circuit, including blood flow. |
The top right side of the heart is known as the Right atrium. Deoxygenated blood travels from the Right atrium through the tricuspid valve into the Right Ventricle and is then pumped out the Pulmonary Artery and takes part in the Pulmonary circuit where it picks up oxygen from the lungs. |
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Describe the Left side of the Heart's structure Stopping at the Aorta after the Coronary Circuit, Including blood flow. |
The Top left side of the heart is known as the left atrium and receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein. Blood is then pumped through the Bicuspid valve into the left Ventricle. The blood then travels through the Aorta and can branch of into the Coronary circuit which services the heart or continues into the Systemic Circuit. |
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Name the two Heart contractions, describe their job? |
Diastole = Contraction: - Heart is completely relaxed and blood enters both Atria and Ventricles. Systole = Relaxation: - Pressure within the Ventricles increases and blood is rushed out into the Arteries |
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Define Heart Rate and Stroke Volume |
Heart Rate: How fast the Heart can beat Stroke Volume: The amount of blood the heart pumps out every beat |
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Define Cardiac Output, and the equation for at rest and Maximal |
Cardiac Output: The amount of blood the heart pumps in a minute Rest: 70bpm x 70ml = 4.9L Maximal: 200bpm x 150ml = 30L |
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What is the functions of the Respiratory System? |
- Delivers Oxygen from Atmosphere to Lungs - Involved in Gaseous Exchange - Involved in Speech - Involved sense of cell |
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Describe the Structure of the Respiratory System in order from nose/moth to Alveoli |
Nose/mouth, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Lungs, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli |
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What is the function of the Nose? |
It is the initial way for air to enter the body, it also acts as an air filter. |
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What is the function of the Pharynx and Larynx? |
They are both pasagways for air and have the same method as the nose.
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What is the function of the Trachea? |
The Trachea is a hollow tube held open by thick cartilage and provides a supported passageway for air to pass into the lungs |
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Explain how the Bronchi divides into each lung |
The Bronchioles branch of the trachea and divide into a subdivision called Bronchioles. The Bronchioles then divide into a further sub division known as Alveoli |
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What is the function of the Alveoli? |
The alveoli are are the site of gaseous exchange between oxygen and blood. |
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What is Tidal Volume? |
The amount of air that we inspire or expire with each breath during normal quiet breathing. |
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What is an Inspiratory Reserve? |
The amount of Air that can be inhaled after a normal breath |
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What is an Expiratory Reserve? |
The amount of air that can be expired following a normal breath |
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What is Vital Capacity (vc) ? |
Themaximum amount of air that can be breathed in or out in one breath with thedeepest inspiration and most forceful expiration. |
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What is Residual Volume (RV) ? |
The remainingair in lungs after maximum expiration. |
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What is total lung Capacity? |
The total amount of air in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration = VC +RV. |
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What are the two breathing mechanisms? |
Inspiration and Expiration |
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What is Inspiration? |
Breathing in. The Diaphragm contracts and flattens. Chest cavity increases which causes a decrease in air pressure |
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What is Expiration? |
Breathing out. Diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards. The intercostal muscles allow ribs to return to resting position. Volume of chest cavity decreases and air pressure is increased |
