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21 Cards in this Set
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served as a major motivation for Nazi Germany's territorial aggression. In his book Mein Kampf, Adolf Hitler detailed his belief that the German people needed Lebensraum (for a Grossdeutschland, land, and raw materials), and that it should be taken in the East. It was the stated policy of the Nazis to kill, deport, Germanize or enslave the Polish, and later also Russian and other Slavic populations, and to repopulate the land with reinrassig Germanic peoples. The entire urban population was to be exterminated by starvation, thus creating an agricultural surplus to feed Germany and allowing their replacement by a German upper class.
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lebensraum
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The practical implementation of the Lebensraum concept began in 1939 with Germany's occupation of Poland. Later, the ideology was also a major factor in Hitler's launching of Operation Barbarossa in June 1941. The Nazis hoped to turn large areas of Soviet territory into German settlement areas as part of Generalplan Ost.
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lebensraum
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living space; demanded by Hitler for supposedly overpopulated Germany in the East (i.e. Soviet Union), he appeared at first as the apostle of peace in Europe, whose sole aim was to recoup losses unjustly suffered by Germany at Versailles. Gradually, however, the underlying principles of Nazi foreign policy unfolded. The Nazis took the first offensive step in October 1933 when they withdrew from the League of Nations. With the signing of a treaty of neutrality with Poland in February 1934, the eastern flank was protected and the Franco-Polish treaty, which was directed toward the encirclement of Germany, was negated.
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lebensraum
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those that secretly adhered to their Jewish beliefs following reconquest of Spain; "new christians"; "pigs"; persecuted by catholic inquisition from 1478-1765
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Marranos
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the government of Alexander III welcomed the diversion of popular discontent provided by the persecution of the Jewish minority; massive pogoms shook the foundations of Jewish life in 1881-83 and provoked the first big waves of emigration to the West, chiefly to U.S.; In 1882 Jews were again forbidden to dwell in villages, and their numbers in high schools were limited to certain percentages; Constantine Pobiedonastev, adviser to tsar, defined the Russian policy on Jews: "one-third would convert, one-third would die, and one-third would emigrate."; Economic and social measures against Jews multiplied, and in 1891 Jews were expelled from Moscow; with the active help of the Tsarist police, pogoms flared again in 1903, especially in the southern town of Kishinev, where forty-five persons were killed and many more wounded, raped, or robbed.
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Assassination of Alexander II (1881)
How did it change the life of the Jews in Russia? |
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Protocols of the Elders of Zion
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created in Paris between 1897 and 1899 by agents of the chief of the Russian secret police, General Rachkowski, who based their forgeries on a French satirical essay by Maurice July, "Dialogue in Hell between Machiavelli and Montesquieu" (1865), which attacked Napoleon IV; according to Protocols, the elders met at the Zionist congress to plot the subversion of all civilization and the imposition of Jewish rule; published in Germany in 1919, in France and U.S. in 1920, in Britain in 1920-21; investigation by London Times revealed them as forgery; exposed again as forgery in a trial for libel in Switzerland in 1934; "Protocols" being spread all over contemporary world; influence continues to be considerable in the countries of former Soviet Union and so-called 'Third World'; "Protocols" undoubtedly answered a deep-seated need for a simplistic explanation of the evils and failures of modern world; satanic element= world conspiracy; "Protocols" essential weapon in arsenal of Nazism
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Reichstag fire
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occurred on Feb. 27, 1933; Nazis used fire as pretext to arrest communist leaders and communist Reichstag deputies; on Feb. 28, Nazis persuaded President von Hindenburg to issue decree, "for the protection of the People and the State," suspending the constitutional guarantees of personal liberty, the right of free expression of opinion-including freedom of the press-and the rights of assembly and association; The privacy of postal, telegraphic, and telephonic communication was no longer guaranteed, and warrants for house searches and orders for confiscations of, as well as restrictions on, property were also permissible beyond the legal limits otherwise prescribed; to eliminate both their communist, socialist and catholic opposition, and their right-wing bedfellows, the Nazis called for new elections on March 5, 1933; using Reichstag fire for pretext, Nazis denied communist party inclusion on the ballot; Despite of the official elimination of the communists and a widespread reign of terror on election day, the Nazi party was unable to achieve a parliamentary majority.
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Enabling Act
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created on March 23; removed the power of legislation from the Reichstag and gave it to the Nazi-controlled government; by the time the law expired in 1937, the Nazi dictatorship was complete. Authorized by the Enabling Act, the dictatorship ruled Germany until its defeat in 1945
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Nuremberg Laws
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ordered by Hitler on Sept. 13; these laws disenfranchised the Jews
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Under the Nuremberg Laws:
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the Jews:
1. unable to marry Germans 2. unable to fornicate with Germans 3. unable to hire German women in their households 4. unable to fly Reich or national flag and to display Reich colors; could fly Jewish flag, a right protected by the State 5. defined as anyone descending from one or two fully Jewish grandparents ("Mischling") 6.unable to vote or hold political office 7. also defined as anyone who has married a Jew, or is married to a Jew; the offspring of a Jew, or the offspring of a marriage concluded by Jew; the offspring of an extramarital affair with a Jew |
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Herschel Grynszpan
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a 17 yr. old student living in Paris that received a letter from his parents that described their placement in the concentration camp at Zbazsyn, and in retaliation went to German Embassy in Paris on Nov. 7 to kill the ambassador; instead, he shot Ernst vom Rath, a third secretary of the embassy, a non-Nazi, that died on Nov. 9; this action triggered the Kristallnacht (Night of the Broken Glass)
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Treaty of Versailles
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The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, one of the events that triggered the start of the war. The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I were dealt with in separate treaties. Although the armistice signed on 11 November 1918 ended the actual fighting, it took six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty. Of the many provisions in the treaty, one of the most important and controversial required Germany and its allies to accept responsibility for causing the war and, under the terms of articles 231-248, to disarm, make substantial territorial concessions and pay reparations to certain countries that had formed the Entente powers. The Treaty was undermined by subsequent events starting as early as 1922 and was widely flouted by the mid-thirties.[1]
The result of these competing and sometimes incompatible goals among the victors was compromise that left none satisfied: Germany was not pacified, conciliated or permanently weakened. This would prove to be a factor leading to later conflicts.[2] |
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Evian Conference
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was convened at the initiative of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt in July 1938 to discuss the problem of Jewish refugees. For nine days, from July 6 to July 15, delegates from thirty-two countries met at Évian-les-Bains, France. Twenty-four voluntary organizations also attended, as observers, many of whom presented plans orally and in writing.[1] The fact that the conference did not pass a resolution condemning the German treatment of Jews was widely used in Nazi propaganda.[2] The lack of action further emboldened Hitler in his assault on European Jewry.
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kristallnacht
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occurred on Nov. 9; triggered by the killing of vom Rath by Grynszpan; allowed the Nazis to justify mass action against the Jews as revenge for vom Rath's death; Goebbels activated the SA and tens of thousands of loyal party members to burn all the synagogues in Germany, destroy and loot Jewish shops, and physically abuse large numbers of Jews; ninety-one Jews reported dead; Himmler and Heydrich quickly regained control and emphasized their own anti-Jewish hallmark: supposedly cold, "scientific", unemotional brutality; SS units were ordered to capture Jewish archives, to insure the confiscation, not the looting, of individual and community property; in a major action, they arrested and sent to concentration camps some 26,000 Jewish men at least; three major points emerge from the documentation:
1. details of a new Jewish policy were worked out after the kristallnacht, not before, pogom cannot be considered a path to Holocaust in terms of a planned policy 2. the Jews had to pay the Nazis a so-called indemnity (for the death of vom Rath) of 1 billion reichsmarks, as well as insurance benefits for their destroyed property, which came to another 250 million reichsmarks 3. following kristallnacht, Jews were finally and totally evicted from German economic life; by Jan. 1, 1939, a Jew could only be employed by a Jewish organization; The ultimate goal, the eviction of all Jews from Germany, was within reach. Those in concentration camps were released, provided frantic relatives arranged for emigration. A mass panic and mass exodus ensued to anywhere, at any price, of the approximately 500, 000 Jews in Germany and 200,000 Jews in Austria, about one-half had emigrated by the outbreak of war. |
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Molotov-Ribbentrap Pact
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signed on August 23, 1939; Stalin signed neutrality pact with Germans that guaranteed Germans the import of essential raw materials from the Soviet Union and effectively neutralized the USSR in the coming struggle against Poland; in addition, in a secret protocol attached to the pact, the Germans agreed to another partition of Poland, in which Eastern Poland would be annexed by the Soviets, and Latvia and Estonia (and by later addition Lithuania as well) would come under their so-called 'sphere of influence'; These previously independent states were subsequently annexed by the Russians in 1940
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Operation Barbarosa
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was the code name for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II that commenced on 22 June 1941.[11][12] Over 4.5 million troops of the Axis powers invaded the USSR along a 2,900 kilometer front (1800 miles).[13] The operation was named after the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of the Holy Roman Empire, a leader of the Third Crusade in the 12th century. The planning for Operation Barbarossa started on 18 December 1940; the clandestine preparations and the military operation itself lasted almost a year, from the spring of 1941, through the winter of 1941.
The operational goal of Barbarossa was the rapid conquest of the European part of the Soviet Union west of a line connecting the cities of Arkhangelsk and Astrakhan, often referred to as the A-A line (see the translation of Hitler's directive for details). At its conclusion in December 1941, the Red Army had repelled the strongest blow of the Wehrmacht. Hitler had not achieved the victory he had expected, but the situation of the Soviet Union remained critical. Tactically, the Germans had won some resounding victories and occupied some of the most important economic areas of the country, most notably in Ukraine.[14] Despite these successes, the Germans were pushed back from Moscow and were never able to mount an offensive simultaneously along the entire strategic Soviet-German front again.[15] The failure of Barbarossa resulted in Hitler's demands for additional operations inside the USSR, all of which eventually failed, such as continuation of the Siege of Leningrad,[16][17] Operation Nordlicht, and Battle of Stalingrad, among other battles on the occupied Soviet territory.[18][19][20][21][22] Operation Barbarossa remains the largest military operation, in terms of manpower, area traversed, and casualties, in human history.[23] The failure of Operation Barbarossa resulted in the eventual defeat of Nazi Germany and is considered a turning point for the Third Reich. Most importantly, Operation Barbarossa opened up the Eastern Front, which ultimately became the biggest theater of war in world history. Operation Barbarossa and the areas which fell under it became the site of some of the largest battles, deadliest atrocities, terrible loss of life, and horrific conditions for Soviets and Germans alike - all of which influenced the course of both World War II and the 20th century history. |
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Babai Yar
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is a ravine in Kiev, the capital of Ukraine. It is located at the juncture of today's Kurenivka, Lukianivka and Syrets raions, between Frunze, Melnykov and Olena Teliha streets and St. Cyril's Monastery.
In the course of two days, September 29-30, 1941, a special team of German SS troops supported by other German units, local collaborators and Ukrainian police murdered 33,771 Jewish civilians after taking them to the ravine.[1][2][3][4] The Babi Yar massacre was the largest single mass killing for which the German regime and its collaborators were responsible during its campaign against the Soviet Union[5] and is considered to be "the largest single massacre in the history of the Holocaust".[6] In the months that followed, thousands more were seized and taken to Babi Yar where they were shot. It is estimated that more than 100,000 people, mostly civilians, of whom a significant number were Jews, were murdered by the Nazis there during World War II.[1][7] |
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Trianon Treaty
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is the peace treaty concluded at the end of World War I by the Allies of World War I, on one side, and Hungary, seen as a successor of Austria-Hungary, on the other.[1][2][3][4] It established the borders of Hungary and regulated its international situation. Hungary was shorn of over 72% of its territory, 64% of its inhabitants and 3.3 out of 10.7 million ethnic Hungarians under the treaty.[5][6] Her territory sank from 325,111 km2 to 93,000 km2 and her population from 20,9 million to 7,6 million.[7] The principal beneficiaries of territorial adjustment were Romania, Czechoslovakia, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The Hungarian delegation signed the treaty under protest[8] on 4 June 1920 at the Grand Trianon Palace in Versailles, France. Hungary recovered part of its lost territories in 1939–40, but was later reduced to boundaries approximating those of 1920 by the peace treaties signed after the 2nd World War at Paris, 1947.
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Munich agreement
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was an agreement regarding the Sudetenland, which were areas along borders of Czechoslovakia, mainly inhabited by Czech Germans. The agreement was negotiated at a conference held in Munich, Germany among the major powers of Europe without the presence of Czechoslovakia. It was an act of appeasement. The agreement was signed in the early hours of 30 September 1938 (but dated 29 September). The purpose of the conference was to discuss the future of Czechoslovakia in the face of territorial demands made by German dictator Adolf Hitler. The agreement, signed by Germany, France, Britain, and Italy permitted German annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland. The Sudetenland was of immense strategic importance to Czechoslovakia, as most of its border defenses were situated there.
Because the state of Czechoslovakia was not invited to the conference, the Munich Agreement is commonly called the Munich Dictate by Czechs and Slovaks (Czech: Mnichovský diktát; Slovak: Mníchovský diktát). The phrase Munich betrayal (Czech: Mnichovská zrada; Slovak: Mníchovská zrada) is also frequently used because military alliances between Czechoslovakia and France were not honored. |
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date of First Crusade
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1095
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Invasion of Poland
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1939
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