Hole's Chapter 3: Cells

Front 1

What does a cell include? (3 most important parts)

Back 1

Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus

Front 2

What forms the outermost limit of the living material?

Back 2

The membrane

Front 3

What is the function of the membrane?

Back 3

Is a selectively permable passageway that controls the entrance and exit of substances. Its molycules transmit signals

Front 4

What does the membrane include?

Back 4

Protien, lipid, carbohydrate

Front 5

What is the membranes framework mainly a bilayer of?

Back 5

Phospholipid molecules

Front 6

Which molecules pass trough the cell membrane easily? (lipid-souleble or water-souleble)

Back 6

Lipid-souleble

Front 7

What are the protien's function in the cell membrane?

Back 7

Proteins function as receptors on membrane surfaces and form channels for the passage of ions and molecules.

Front 8

What do the patterns of the surface carbhydrates associated with membrane protiens do?

Back 8

Enable certain cells to regonize one another

Front 9

What does the cytoplasm contain?

Back 9

The cytoplasm contains membranes, organelles, and the rods and tubules of the cytoskeleton, suspended in cytosol

Front 10

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

Back 10

The endoplasmic reticulum is a tubular communication system in the cytoplasm that transport lipids and proteins

Front 11

What is the function of the ribosomes?

Back 11

They function in the protein synthesis

Front 12

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Back 12

The golgi apparatus packages glycoprotiens for secretion

Front 13

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Back 13

Mitochondria contain enzymes that catalyze reactions that release energy from nutrient molecules

Front 14

What is the function of the lysosomes?

Back 14

Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that decompose substances

Front 15

What is the function of peroxisomes?

Back 15

Peroxisomes house enzymes that catalyze bile acid synthesis, hydrogen peroxide degradation, lipid breakdown, and detoxification of alcohol

Front 16

What form the cytoskeleton?

Back 16

Microfiliments (built of actin) and microtubules (built of tubulin)

Front 17

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

Back 17

To aid cellular movements and support and stabilize the cytoplasm and organelles

Front 18

What does the centrosome contain, and what is it's function?

Back 18

The centrosome contains centrioles that aid in distributing chromosomes during cell divison

Front 19

Describe cilia and flagella

Back 19

Cilia and flagella are motile extensions from cell surfaces

Front 20

What do vesicles contain? (not specific)

Back 20

Vesicles contain substances that recently entered the cell or are to be secreted from the cell

Front 21

What is the nucleus enclosed in?

Back 21

The nucleus is enclosed in a double-layered nuclear envelope

Front 22

What does the nuclues contain?

Back 22

The nucleus contains a nucleolus, which is the site of ribosome production. It also contains chromatin, which is composed of loosely coiled fibers of DNA and protien. As chromatin fibers condense, chromosomes become visible during cell divison

Front 23

The cell membrane is a barrier through which substances enter and leave the cell. What describes a passive mechanism?

Back 23

Passive mechanisms do not require energy

Front 24

What is diffusion?

Back 24

Diffusion is the movement of molecules or ions from regions of high concentration toward regions of lower concentration. In the body, diffusion exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide

Front 25

What is facilitated diffusion?

Back 25

In facilitated diffusion, special carrier molecules move substances through the cell membrane. This process moves substances only from regions of higher concentration toward regions of lower concentration

Front 26

What is osmosis?

Back 26

Osmosis is diffusion of water molecules from regions of higher water concentration towards regions of lower water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane

Front 27

When does osmotic pressure increase?

Back 27

Osmotic pressure increases as the number of impermeant particles dissolved in a solution increases

Front 28

When is a solution isotonic to a cell?

Back 28

A solution is isotonic to a cell when it has the same osmotic pressure as the cell

Front 29

What happens when cells are placed in hypertonic / hypotonic solutions?

Back 29

When placed in 1) hypertonic solutions, cells lose water, and 2) gain water when placed in hypotonic solutions

Front 30

What is filtration?

Back 30

Filtration is the movement of molecules from regions of higher hydrostatic pressure toward regions of lower hydrostatic pressure

Front 31

What is active transport?

Back 31

Active transport moves molecules or ions from regions of lower concentrations toward regions of higher concentration. It requires cellular energy from ATP and carrier molecules in the cell membrane

Front 32

What are endocytosis / exocytosis?

Back 32

Endocytosis may convey relatively large particles into a cell. Exocytosis is the reverse of endocytosis.

Front 33

What is pinocytosis?

Back 33

In pinocytosis, a cell membrane engulfs tiny droplets of liquid

Front 34

What is phagocytosis?

Back 34

In phagocytosis, a cell membrane engulfs solid particles

Front 35

What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

Back 35

Receptor-mediated endocytosis moves specific types of particles into cells

Front 36

What is transcytosis?

Back 36

Transcytosis combines endocytosis and ecocytosis so that a particle can pass through a cell

Front 37

Mention the 4 steps in the cell cycle

Back 37

Interphase, mitosis, cytoplasmic division, differentiation

Front 38

What happens during interphase?

Back 38

During interphase, a cell duplicate membranes, ribosomes, organelles and DNA. It terminates when mitosis begin

Front 39

Mention both kind of cell divisions

Back 39

Meiosis (forms sex cells)
Mitosis (the divison and distribution of genetic material to new cells

Front 40

What are the 4 stages of mitosis?

Back 40

The stages of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telephase

Front 41

What happens during the cytoplasmic division?

Back 41

Cytoplasmic divison distributes cytoplasm into two portions completing about the same time as mitosis

Front 42

What is differentation?

Back 42

Differentation is the process of cell specialization. Stem cells provide new cells for growth and repair. They give rise to other stem cells and to progenitor cells that begin to specialize. Differentation reflects the use of different portions of the genetic material

Front 43

What is apoptosis?

Back 43

A cell that does not divide or differentiate may undergo apoptosis, a form of cell death that is a normal part of development