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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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From 1968-1974 Brazil experienced the 10%/year "Brazilian Miracle" when for the first time ___ replaced coffee as the leading export
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manufactured goods
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In 1930, 1937, 1945, 1954, 1955, 1961 and 1964 the ___ intervened to prevent a communist takeover to prevent a communist takeover creating an alliance in the US.
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military
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the first presidential campaign for ___ was in 1989 when he ran against Collor. Collor won, but the left showed strong support for their candidate
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Lula
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From 1964 to 1985 Brazil was governed by a succession of ____ regimes
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Authoritarian
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As finance master ____ aka FHC, in 1993, crafted an anti- inflation program that actually worked
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Fernando Henrique Cardoso
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Under FHCs plan, the real was stable and privatization continued interesting because he had previously supported ____
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Dependency theory
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Proving that redemocratization was on the way, in Brazil held direct election of ____
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state governors
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With FHCs strong support in the 1998 election he used the political capital to yield to pressure from the _____, and much help from the U.S.
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IMF
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By 1982 Brazil had the world's largest ____
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foreign debt
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Collor was an avid proponent of ____ reforms including privatization, deregulation, and lower tariffs
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neo-liberal
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In the 1998 election, FHC won with an amazing 53% ____
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majority
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Even with FHCs success, the problems of ____, illiteracy, and ill health remain. Lula won the presidency in 2002 on a platform of "zero fome"
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hunger
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Branco's immediate priority in 1967 was to resolve the problem of (surprise!!) ___
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inflation
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Geisel pushed for re democratization, and in 1974 Brazilians proved that the ____ public would opt against the military govt
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urban industrialize
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One of the pressing socioeconomic problems that began to gain publicity in the 1980s was the issue of ____ ownership.
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rural land
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The ___ of 1968 were strongly repressed by the Costa e Silva government
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labor strikes
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The ___ after 1968 was based on the repression of labor unions, as well as traditional neo liberal strategies
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growth strategy
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Between 1968 and 1973 guerilla warfare increased in Brazil, but by 1973 the radical left movements were ___ by the government
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vanquished
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By 1993 the inflation rate was 24900% and Brazil was generally regarded as the ___ of South America.
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sick man
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___ success as a finance minister led to his easy defeat of Lula in the 1994 presidential election.
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FHC
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The rubber boom busted after 1913. ___ from South central Brazil provided about ½ of the world supply and about ½ of Brazil’s foreign exchange.
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coffee
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In the early 1960’s. Brazilian policy makers believed that they were stuck with an ____. Whereby they had to buy manufactures and export primaries.
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agrarian vocation
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Social status in Brazil continues to be a function of occupation, wealth and ___
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race
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Brazil’s aptitude or ___ in a few agricultural exports is said to have made them dependent on industrial economics up to the 1940’s.
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comparative advantage
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Between 1920 and 1992 the urban population grew from 25% to 75%. Brazil’s ___ has been both later and slower than the rest of Latin America’s.
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urbanization
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During the 20th century there has been a ___, whereby some racist Brazilians have sought to weaken the strength of African heritage in the population.
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Branqueamendo
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The ___ systems from US and UK are a good example of how direct foreign investment was needed in order to get technological advancements.
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telegraph
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In the late 20th century, the middle class make up about 30% of the city populations, and 10-15% of Brazil. They are closely allied with the ___
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military
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Someone who lives in Sao Paulo. Also, coffee planters who challenged the political and economic preeminence of northeast sugar barons in the 1800s. ____
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Paulista
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Between 1947 and 1961 manufacturing increased dramatically, reducing ____ on distant industrial economies.
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brazilian dependence
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One major obstacle to successful coalitions is Brazil’s history has been its shear ___ and poor infrastructure linking different regions and states.
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size
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Toward the end of the of the 1800s, Brazil actively sought immigrants to develop the interior. These came mainly from ___
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Italy
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By 1940 ___ state in the south central was producing 50% of Brazil’s manufactured goods.
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Sao Paulo
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Early 1800s rubber exports began. A spectacular boom early 1900s, driven by the invention of _____ and the new tire markets in industrialized economies.
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vulcanization
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Although Brazil has 2 megacities, vast portions of the population still live in the ____
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countryside
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There remains in the 20th and 21st centuries a large scale peasantry, or ___ in the coffee fields and other agricultural wage labor sectors.
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rural proletariat
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The organized urban working class grew from 4mil in 1970 to 6mil in 1980, but there is still a large class of ___ city dwellers.
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chronically unemployed
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1889 – 1930 the geometric center of ___ spread south and southwest due to the “march of coffee”
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the Brazilian economy
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Immediately after independence in 1822 ___ continued to be the most lucrative export, produced on large plantations in the NE
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sugar
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rom the beginning Brazil’s repeated cycles of ___ in its diverse national territory have created pockets of prosperity and decline.
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boom and bust
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The post independence economy of the ___ was created with labor provided by African slaves.
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northeast
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Toward the end of the 1800s, the other group to immigrate on a large scale to south central Brazil were the ___.
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Japanese
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The Brazilian government in 1947 made the ___illegal as had been done in Chile earlier, firmly establishing it as a Cold War player
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communist party
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The Brazilian economy in 1952 had serious inflation, negative trade, and ___ had cancelled loan guarantees when he doubted sovereign solvency.
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Eisenhower
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Immediately after WW2 Brazil’s first priority was ___
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economic development
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On august 24, 1954 Vargas left office by ____
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suicide
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Vargas had enemies on the ___ extremes but most politically conscious Brazilians were moderate.
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left and right
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April 1, 1964 Brazil opted for the ____ path to development
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authoritarian
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Reduction of government deficit, tough controls on wages, reductions in credit and other tools of stabilization prescribed by ___
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IMF
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___ inaugurated in 1956 won with 36% of the vote, and moved quickly to gain broader support
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Kunitschek
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In 1958-59 Kunitschek rejected the IMFs call for ___ because it would have prevented his government’s achieving their growth targets.
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austerity
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From 1949-1953 the US and Brazilian governments studied the ___, concluding that energy and transportation were most in need of attention.
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economy
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Goulart’s government by 1964 was openly blessing the ___ with logistical support and even financing.
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radical left
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March 31, 1964 ___ fled into exile as a military revolt spread without opposition. The US had been willing to support the coup, but was not needed
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Goulart
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Vargas surprised both Aranha on the right and Goulart on the left on May 1, 1954 when he announced a 100% ___ in minimum wage.
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increase
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From 1961 on, Brazilian politics became very heated and polarized, with the ___ closely watching the growing radicalization of both sides.
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military
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In a bizarre turn of politics, Goulart, a ____ succeed to the presidency in 1961, angering the military, but nonetheless legally staying in power
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populist
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The coup in 1964 created a ____ state, for fear that radicalized peasants and urban workers would wage class warfare on “the establishment”
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bureaucratic authoritarian
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The 1946 constitution ___ political power and guaranteed individual liberties.
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decentralized
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Kubitschek gained support of the military by large ___.
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weapons purchases
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In 1950 Vargas won with a 49% plurality, his third term and the only one he gained by ___ election.
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popular
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Earlier under the Estado Novo the ____ had been fixed to limit its effect on inflation, providing another left v. right battleground in 1954.
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minimum wage
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In this third term Vargas prioritized economic development, and so appointed ___ instead of party loyalists to formulate his economic strategy.
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Technocrats
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In the early 50s nationalists were pressuring Vargas on imperialism in Brazil. He created ___ in 1951 as a government monopoly in petroleum
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PETROBRAS
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In 1960 Kubitschek’s government inaugurated the forward capital city of ____
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Brasilia
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Goulart’s most important base in 1963 would feel the most pain if he instituted a tough ___ policy.
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wage
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Dutra’s government from 1946-1951 rejected a plan for industrialization, and instead returned to ___ as the engine of economic development of Brazil
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coffee
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In 1950 Vargas won with a 49% plurality, his third term and the only one he gained by ___ election.
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popular
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Earlier under the Estado Novo the ____ had been fixed to limit its effect on inflation, providing another left v. right battleground in 1954.
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minimum wage
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In this third term Vargas prioritized economic development, and so appointed ___ instead of party loyalists to formulate his economic strategy.
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Technocrats
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In the early 50s nationalists were pressuring Vargas on imperialism in Brazil. He created ___ in 1951 as a government monopoly in petroleum
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PETROBRAS
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In 1960 Kubitschek’s government inaugurated the forward capital city of ____
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Brasilia
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Goulart’s most important base in 1963 would feel the most pain if he instituted a tough ___ policy.
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wage
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Dutra’s government from 1946-1951 rejected a plan for industrialization, and instead returned to ___ as the engine of economic development of Brazil
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coffee
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