Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
173 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The Whig Party was made up of former Federalists and former Republicans who...
|
advocated economic development
|
|
What were the forces of division in the Republican party in the 1820s?
|
tensions from industrialization, rise of cotton south, westward expansion
|
|
What happened to the American political system during the antebellum period?
|
written ballots, don't need property to vote, appointed officers become elected
|
|
Reformers of the antebellum period were...
|
sectionalized; influneced by religion and area
|
|
Martin Van Buren's political machine in New York was known as
|
Albany Regency
|
|
What did the presidential election of 1828 demonstrate?
|
people wanted a common man over a scholar
|
|
removing officeholders of the rival political party and replacing them with memebers of your own party is called the...
|
spoils system
|
|
Why did President Jackson veto the Maysville Road Bill?
|
he believed that federal support for internal improvements was unconstitutional
|
|
what section of the country tended to oppose tariffs
|
South--they feared counter-tariffs against their exported goods
|
|
The theory that the Union is a compact among the states and that a state has the right to override a federal law is known as...
|
Virginia & Kentucky Resolution of 1798 and 1799
|
|
The South Carolina Exposition and Protest was drawn up in opposition to...
|
1828 tariff/ Tariff of Abominations
|
|
The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to
|
use arms to collect customs duties in South Carolina
|
|
the tariff controversy of the early 1830s showed that
|
there were sectional conflicts; the north and South difference between imports and exports
|
|
What were the reasons why Andrew Jackson vetoed the rechartering of the Bank of the United States?
|
he distrusted banks in general, this bank was above politics, it was in the hands of moneyed capitalists
|
|
The term "pet banks" was applied to
|
banks entrusted with the deposit of federal funds (state banks used for federal revenue)
|
|
What did President Jackson do in his "war" on the Bank of the United States?
|
he signed the deposit act, put federal deposits in state banks
|
|
The difference between "hard money" and "soft money" is:
|
hard money=specie, soft money=paper
|
|
Who was the main opposition to Andrew Jackson during his second term in office?
|
Whig party
|
|
Which of the following groups would not have supported the Whig party during the Jacksonian era?
|
Irish
|
|
The Specie Circular
|
only specie was accepted as payment
|
|
What contributed to the depression of 1837?
|
growing # of banks, Banks suspend specie payments, hyper-inflation, Jackson's Specie Circular, Britain halts the flow of specie to US
|
|
In the late 1830's and early 1840's, what group believed that the end of the world was imminent?
|
Miller and his followers
|
|
Which political party had become the anti-bank, hard-money party by 1840?
|
Democrats
|
|
What was the purpose of the Independent Treasury advocated by President Van Buren?
|
put all federal funds in a seperate, independent bank
|
|
Why did President Martin Van Buren lose the presidential election of 1840?
|
while Whigs rallied for support, he just quietly wrote letters
|
|
What was the main cause of the great increase in the popular vote etween the 1836 and 1840 presidential elections?
|
more people chose to vote
|
|
The period of revivalism that swept the nation in the early years of the nineteenth century is known as:
|
The Second Great Awakening
|
|
the belief that people can live without sin was called
|
perfectionism
|
|
Which sect believed that Jesus was not divine but merely an exemplary human being?
|
Unitarianism
|
|
Why can Mormonism be described as "pushing against the currents of American reliegion and society"?
|
it contested the sole authority of the Bible
|
|
What was a noteworthy tenet of the Shakers?
|
thought that Jesus would reappear as a woman; got their name from some weird dance they did
|
|
What was a reform movement of the Age of Jackson?
|
temperance, abolitionism
|
|
Why did temperance reformers make one of their main targets the moderate drinkers among the laboring classes?
|
factories demanded increasing levels of discipline, so they were drinking less anyway
|
|
The goals of the school reform movement in the Age of Jackson were:
|
to spread universal cultural values and combat ignorance
|
|
Who was the most famous and controversial white abolitionist?
|
William Lloyd Garrison
|
|
What did most white abolitionists want?
|
legal (NOT civil and social) racial equality
|
|
The Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments called for:
|
equality between men and women
|
|
What was one of the major reasons for the changing attitude toward poverty, crime, and insanity in the early nineteenth century?
|
belief that the right combination of morals will cure bad habits
|
|
What were the major utopian communities?
|
Brookfarm, Fruitlands, Hopedale, New Harmony, Oneida
|
|
Most founders of Utopian communities believed that
|
humans were perfectable
|
|
How did Oneida compared with the other utopian communities of the antebellum era?
|
Oneida is more moderate
|
|
What was a feature of the Oneida?
|
permits sin, economic reforms, utopian community
|
|
The 1840s and 1850s were characterized by
|
heightened literary and artistic (NOT advanced medical knowledge!!!)
|
|
What antebellum innovations helped transform American life?
|
mechanical reaper, sewing machine, interchangeable parts
|
|
Before the Civil War, European and American railroads differed in that:
|
American railroads were faster and did not have class compartments
|
|
What is usually considered the first "big business" in the United States?
|
railroads
|
|
how was the building of railroads in the US financed?
|
At first, state money paid for it, but later on, they sold securities on the New York Stock Exchange
|
|
What impact did technological changes have on the American worker before the Civil War?
|
more goods are affordable; increase in wages
|
|
How did the standard of living in an antebellum urban family differ from that of a rural family?
|
marginally better; middle class gets wealthier, poorer class gets poorer
|
|
An urban middle-class home in the 1850s would have had:
|
several stories, coal-burning stove, communal water supply
|
|
What kind of urban housing developed during the early nineteenth century?
|
row houses
|
|
What were the results of rising land values in the early nineteenth-century American city?
|
more people rented instead of buying
|
|
how did home furniture change during the antebellum period?
|
technology made it possible for middle-class to have ornate furniture
|
|
What advance in heating and cooking occurred in antebellum America?
|
stoves
|
|
In the decades before the Civil War, what changes took place to influence the diet of the average urban dweller?
|
railroads brought veggies--a few even had *iceboxes*! (gasp!)
|
|
What medical development greatly advanced the image of surgeons and the success of health care in the decades before the Civil War?
|
anasthesia
|
|
What were popular health movements in antebellum America?
|
hydropathy, dietary changes, phrenology
|
|
Who was Sylvester Graham
|
dude who was all like "Be healthy, dudes"!
|
|
The belief that bumps on the skull reveal an individuals personality is called:
|
phrenology
|
|
Phrenology was popular in antebellum America for all of the following reasons:
|
it was a "practical" science, promised a quick assessment of others, easily understood and practiced
|
|
What was one of the changes that transformed American newspapers?
|
lowered costs of production and sale; cheaper paper
|
|
An American publisher who helped to transform newspapers and create the modern concept of news and news reporting was
|
James Gordon Bennett and Horace Greeley
|
|
Novels were very popular among American women in the antebellum period for what reasons?
|
sentimental, subversive (challenging male authority) message that women could overcome
|
|
A typical antebellum theatre:
|
was large and crowded, had cheap seats, lots of prostitutes, rowdy audiences
|
|
Who was the most popular dramatist in antebellum America?
|
Will Shakespeare
|
|
How did the popular minstrel show help to shape public perceptions of blacks during the antebellum period?
|
forged stereotypes of white supremacy by diminishing blacks
|
|
Why was PT Barnum a phenomenal success?
|
he tapped public desire for natural wonders; people's curiosity
|
|
What did the transcendentals believe?
|
God and Freedom are innate, knowledge is instant, nature is benign
|
|
What was the subject of Emerson's "The American Scholar"?
|
the individual & philosophy
|
|
Which writer introduced into fiction the American frontiersman and the theme of conflict detween civilization and primitive life in the wilderness
|
James Fenimore Cooper
|
|
Who defended the right to disobey unjust laws?
|
Henry David Thoreau
|
|
hOW DID THE WRITINGS OF Emerson, Thoreau, and Whitman differ from those of hawthorne, Poe, and Melville?
|
they wrote about ordinary things
|
|
during the antebellum period, American painters liked to paint:
|
scenery
|
|
Samuel Colt:
|
invented the revolving pistol
|
|
What were the goals of the hudson River school of painters?
|
emphasize emotional effect through scenery
|
|
Compared with the North, the Old South had a higher:
|
murder rate
|
|
What crops were associated with the old south?
|
sugar cane, tobacco, cotton, rice
|
|
Why did cotton become king in the South
|
growing British textile industry, Indian removal, shrinking tobacco market
|
|
Which of the following accurately describes the Upper and Lower South?
|
lower south: cash crops; Upper South: veggies
|
|
ONE OF THE WAYS IN WHICH THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH WERE DIFFERENT WAS
|
ALL OF THE ABOVE
|
|
Factories developed slowly in the South for what reasons?
|
slavery, money (capital), benefits thought to be remote and doubtful
|
|
Southern education lagged behind northern education because:
|
Southerners rejected compulsory education and were reluctant to tax property
|
|
By 1860 what percentage of white southerners owned slaves?
|
25%
|
|
WHAT WAS THE LARBEST GROUP OF SOUTHERN WHITES IN THE ANTEBELLUM PERIOD
|
YEOMEN/FAMILY FARMERS
|
|
How many slaves would half of all slaveowning families have owned
|
less than five
|
|
life for most plantation mistresses was marked by
|
hard work
|
|
the typical southern yeoman hoped for:
|
self-sufficiency w/modest profit
|
|
What were the characteristics of the white folk of the pine barrens
|
sometimes squatted on land, did not raise cash crops, lived in crude cabins, self-sufficient, fiercely independent
|
|
Describe antebellum southern politics
|
plantation owners dominated, did not always get their way
|
|
Why did nonslaveholding southerners support slave system
|
seperated the races socially & legally
|
|
The proslavery argument:
|
it was a positive good, rather than a necessary evil, biblical justification, ancient & classical institution
|
|
What shaped relations among whites in the Old South?
|
religion, code of Honor
|
|
One of the few groups in the Old South to speak against the duelin, brawling, and drinking of southern society was:
|
Protestant/ Evangelical churches & Ministers
|
|
How had the American slave population changed by about 1830?
|
slaves as likely to be male as female, born to USA
|
|
A west African cultural hallmark:
|
broad kinship
|
|
Why were some slaves allowed to work in towns or cities?
|
shortage in white labor
|
|
where did over half of all free blacks in the Lower South live?
|
urban
|
|
What profession was open to free blacks in the Old South
|
carpenters, coopers, barbers, small traders
|
|
why did the growth rate of the free black population in the South slow after 1810?
|
fewer masters freed their slaves
|
|
Which of following was a common form of slave resistance:
|
theft, carelessness, fake illness, refusal to work, arson, poisoning
|
|
What was the pattern followed by most runaway slaves:
|
visit spouses or avoid punishment
|
|
first prerequisite for slave culture:
|
common language
|
|
Southern ecangelical churches generally preached against all of the following activities
|
slavery
|
|
What were the most interracial instirutions in old south
|
churches
|
|
In 1860 what groups accounted for 3/4 of all foreign-born American
|
irish, german
|
|
Where did German and Irish immigrants tend to sttle in the United
|
large urban places
|
|
How did Irish and German immigrants of the 1840s differ from each?
|
Irish: poor, Catholic; Germans: isolated
|
|
In the case of Commonwealth v. Hunt, Supreme Court ruled that
|
labor unions were not monopolies that restricted trade
|
|
In the 1820s and 1830s what kind of relationship did Americans have with the people and lands of the Far West
|
links via St. Louis & Santa Fe
|
|
Presidios were
|
forts constructed by Spaniards in the Southwest
|
|
What was the cause of the increasingly tense relations between the Mexican government and the American residents in Texas after 1830?
|
slavery disputes
|
|
The Whig political program in 1840 included
|
replacing Independant Treasury revised tariff
|
|
Why was John Tyler's ascendary to the presidency a disaster for the Whig party?
|
favored democratic policy and shredded party goaled
|
|
The senate rejected the treaty annexing Texas drawn up by Secretary of State Calhoun because
|
it allowed for and protected slavery
|
|
Why did James K. Polk win the presidency of 1844?
|
he convinced Northerners of the benefits of annexing Texas; immigrants vote, fickle Whig position
|
|
What were Polk's objectives in Oregon
|
to get the British to surrender Oregon @ 49th parallel
|
|
What were the background causes of the Mexican-American War:
|
failure to pay debt, memories of the Alamo, issues of Texas
|
|
What did Polk want from Mexico in 1845
|
recognition of Texas, New Mexico, California
|
|
In the US opposition to the Mex-Am war included all of the following reasons except that:
|
army outnumbered
|
|
In the MexAm the US was victorious virtually all its encounters with Mex forces for all the reasons except:
|
sheer numbers
|
|
Where did German and Irish immigrants tend to sttle in the United
|
large urban places
|
|
How did Irish and German immigrants of the 1840s differ from each?
|
Irish: poor, Catholic; Germans: isolated
|
|
In the case of Commonwealth v. Hunt, Supreme Court ruled that
|
labor unions were not monopolies that restricted trade
|
|
In the 1820s and 1830s what kind of relationship did Americans have with the people and lands of the Far West
|
links via St. Louis & Santa Fe
|
|
Presidios were
|
forts constructed by Spaniards in the Southwest
|
|
What was the cause of the increasingly tense relations between the Mexican government and the American residents in Texas after 1830?
|
slavery disputes
|
|
The Whig political program in 1840 included
|
replacing Independant Treasury revised tariff
|
|
Why was John Tyler's ascendary to the presidency a disaster for the Whig party?
|
favored democratic policy and shredded party goaled
|
|
The senate rejected the treaty annexing Texas drawn up by Secretary of State Calhoun because
|
it allowed for and protected slavery
|
|
Why did James K. Polk win the presidency of 1844?
|
he convinced Northerners of the benefits of annexing Texas; immigrants vote, fickle Whig position
|
|
What were Polk's objectives in Oregon
|
to get the British to surrender Oregon @ 49th parallel
|
|
What were the background causes of the Mexican-American War:
|
failure to pay debt, memories of the Alamo, issues of Texas
|
|
What did Polk want from Mexico in 1845
|
recognition of Texas, New Mexico, California
|
|
In the US opposition to the Mex-Am war included all of the following reasons except that:
|
army outnumbered
|
|
In the MexAm the US was victorious virtually all its encounters with Mex forces for all the reasons except:
|
sheer numbers
|
|
What were the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?
|
ceded texas, n.m., and california
|
|
What military leader in the Mexam war becam a national hero?
|
Robert e. Lee
|
|
The Wilmot Proviso was a:
|
proposed amendment to ban slavery in all territories purchased by negotiation
|
|
Why did Calhoun believe that the gov't had no power to prohibit slavery in Mexican Cession?
|
slaveholders had a right to take slaves with them
|
|
Why did the wigs think Zach Taylor was an ideal candidate for prezz?
|
slaveholder, without regard to creed or principles
|
|
What groups formed the 1848 free-soil party to nominate Van Buren for prezz?
|
pro wilmot-democrats, abolitionist "Liberty Party", "Conscience" Whigs
|
|
population of gold rush san fran was:
|
diverse
|
|
The issues of Compromise of 1850 included all of the following except
|
Dred Scott case
|
|
one of zach taylor's views was that it
|
should be left to the states
|
|
what was the cornerstone of southern slavery defense?
|
nothing in Const. to forbid it
|
|
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ABOUT THE COMPROMISE IS CORRECT?
|
ITS PASSAGE WAS AIDED...
|
|
The failure of the Compromise of 1850 to bridge underlying slavery differences could be seen in the fact that:
|
only shifting alliances among moderates achieved its passage
|
|
Henry Clay's Omnibus bill's provisions:
|
admission of Cali as a free state, division of NM, Utah, settlement of Tex/NM border dispute, better fug. law, abolition of slave TRADE in D.C., gov't assumes debt of texas
|
|
In the pres. elec. of 1852:
|
dismantled Whig party, centered around popular sovereignty
|
|
which of the following is one of the reasons that the whig party began to disintegrate and decline in the 1850s?
|
disputes over fugitive slave law
|
|
Douglas's motives in sponsoring the Kansas-Nebraska act included:
|
Pacific railroad: unite Demo. factions
|
|
What were the features of the Kansas-Neb. act?
|
dicide territories into North & South states, barely passed in House, nullified Missouri Compromise
|
|
what were the free soil posistions on slavery?
|
slavery impeded white progress, free labor would disentegrate, domino theory, Southern conspiracy
|
|
What was the Gadsden purchase?
|
purchase of southern tip of Arizona
|
|
Ostend Manifesto pertained to
|
acquisition of Cuba
|
|
The Know-Nothin party declined rapidly for all the following reasons except that:
|
the policy's open policy for membership & public meeting
|
|
What groups created the new Repub. party?
|
know-nothings, northern demos, whigs
|
|
main issue unifying otherwise diverse new repub party:
|
slavery
|
|
James Buch. position on slavery
|
wrong, but did nothing
|
|
1856 election result:
|
know-nothings unite under repub. banner
|
|
DRED SCOTT CASE DECLARED THAT CONGRESS COULD NOT
|
BAR SLAVERY IN TERRITORIES
|
|
Republican party position in election of 1860:
|
economic platform; anti-slavery
|
|
1860 Repub. Econ platform:
|
support for tariff, federal aid for internal improvements, grants to settlers
|
|
Elements of John Crittendon's Compromise:
|
compensation for owners of runaway slaves, repeal of personal liberty laws, restore missouri compromise line, amendment to protect southern slavery
|
|
IN FIRST TWO MONTHS OF PRESIDENCY:
|
LINCOLN ASKED FOR 75000 MILITIAMEN
|
|
"New Light Stir" provided ground for:
|
free-will baptists, shakers, universalists
|
|
Thomas Campbell
|
Ulster minister who emigrated to Pennsylvania; identified with Baptist cause
|
|
Goals of the "Campbellites"/Disciples of Christ:
|
return to primitive, N.T. church, avoid all the many denominations
|
|
Ellen Gould White founded which modern religions:
|
Adventists, 7th-day Baptists
|
|
"New Light Stir" provided ground for:
|
free-will baptists, shakers, universalists
|
|
Thomas Campbell
|
Ulster minister who emigrated to Pennsylvania; identified with Baptist cause
|
|
Goals of the "Campbellites"/Disciples of Christ:
|
return to primitive, N.T. church, avoid all the many denominations
|
|
Ellen Gould White founded which modern religions:
|
Adventists, 7th-day Baptists
|