H&n Anatomy - Glands

Front 1

What are the 5 glandular tissues of the head & neck?

Back 1

• Lacrimal
• Salivary
• Thyroid
• Parathyroid
• Thymus glands

Front 2

What is a gland?

Back 2

• A structure that produces a chemical secretion necessary for normal body function.

Front 3

What is an exocrine gland?

Back 3

• A gland that has a duct associated with it.

Front 4

What is a duct?

Back 4

• A passageway that allows the secretion of glands to be emptied directly into the location where the secretion is to be used.

Front 5

What is an endocrine gland?

Back 5

• A ductless gland, with the secretion being poured directly into the vascular system, which then carries the secretion to the region in which it is to be used.

Front 6

Back 6

• Lacrimal Glands

• secrete lacrimal fluid, or tears

• Innervated by seventh cranial or facial nerve
- reach the gland through branches of the trigeminal nerve
- afferent nerve.

Front 7

Back 7

• Lacrimal Ducts

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Back 8

• Lacrimal Sac

Front 9

Back 9

• Lacrimal Canal

Front 10

Back 10

• Nasolacrimal Duct

Front 11

Back 11

• Inferior Meatus and Turbinate

Front 12

What is Dry Eye Syndrom (DES)?

Back 12

• A.K.A Keratoconjunctivitis

• Persistant dryness, scratching, and burning in the eyes.

Front 13

What are salivary glands?

Back 13

• Glands which produce saliva.
- Saliva lubricates and cleanses the oral cavity and helps in digestion.

• Part of the immune system and digestive system.

• Controlled by the autonomic nervious system (ANS).

• Divided by size into major and minor glands

• Both major and minor glands are exocrine glands and have ducts.

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Back 14

• Parotid Salivary Gland.
- Larges of the Three Major Salivary Glands
- Encapsulated
- Serous Saliva
- Produces 25% of the total saliva.

• Divided into two lobesL superficial and deep.

• Innervated by the motor efferent nerves of the ninth cranial or glossopharyngeal nerve, as well as by the afferent nerves from the auriculotemporal branch ofthe trigeminal nerve.

• seventh cranial or facial nerve and its branches travel through the gland but are NOT involved in innervation.

Front 15

What are conditions of the Parotid Gland?

Back 15

Mumps
• A pathogenic disease that causes enlargement and tenderness of the parotid salivary glands.
• Usually involves both glands, first one side, then the other, giving the characteristic "chipmunk" cheeks.

Cancer
• Changes the consistency of the gland and causes unilateral facial pain on the involved side because the facial nerve travels through the gland.

Facial Paralysis
• Caused when the gland is pierced and the facial nerve is temporarily traumatized when an inferior alveolar block is incorrectly administered.

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Back 16

• Parotid Duct or Parotid Papilla

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Back 17

• Submandibular Salivary Gland
- Second Largest of the Three Major Salivary Glands
- Encapsulated
- Mixed serous and mucous secretions
- Provides 65% of total saliva

• Innervated y efferent fibers of the chorda tympani and the submandibular ganglion of the seventh cranial or facial nerve.

Front 18

Back 18

• Submandibular Duct or Wharton Duct.

• Opening at sublingual caruncle, a small papilla near the midline on each side of the lingual frenum.

• Travels along floor of the mouth toward distance.
- Most common in salivary stone formation.

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Back 19

• Sublingual Caruncle

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Back 20

• Sublingual Salivary Gland
- Smallest of the Three Major Salivary Glands
- Unencapsulated
- Mixed serous and mucosa secretions.
- Provides 10% of total saliva.

• Innervated by efferent fibers of the chorda tympani nerve and the submandibular ganglion of the seventh cranial or facial nerve.

• Drains into the submandibular lymph nodes

• Supplied by sublingual and submental arteries.

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Back 21

• Sublingual Duct or Bartholin Duct
- Opens directly into the oral cavity through the sublingual caruncle.

Front 22

Minor Salivary Glands

Back 22

• Smaller than Major salivary glands.

• Are more numerous.

• Are scattered in tissue: buccal, labial, lingual, soft palate, lateral parts of the hard palate, and the floor of the mouth.

• Drain into various lymph nodes / are supplied by various arteries depending on location.

• innervated by the seventh cranial or facial nerve

Front 23

Which minor glands are located within these?

Back 23

• Von Ebner's salivary glands.

• Produce serous saliva only.

Front 24

What are salivary stones?

Back 24

• formations of mineralized saliva which block the drainage of saliva and cause gland enlargement and tenderness.
- Ranula involves the major glands.
- Mucocele involves the minor glands.

• Affected salivary gland may need to be surgically removed if there are repeated stone formations or related infections.

Front 25

What is hyposalivation?

Back 25

• A reduced production of saliva.

• Can result in Xerostomia (dry mouth)

• Can be caused by certain medications, disease or destruction of the salivary tissue by radiation therapy.

Front 26

What is halitosis?

Back 26

Bad breath.

Front 27

What causes Xerostomia

Back 27

• Side affects of more than 400 medications.

• Diseases: Sjogren syndrom, HIV/AIDS, diabetes, and Parkinsons disease.

• Radiation therapy: exposure to radiation.

• Chemotherapy: drugs used to treat cancer can make the saliva thicker.

• Nerve damage: injury to the head or neck can damage nerves that tell glands to make saliva.

Front 28

What are some signs and symptoms of Xerastomia?

Back 28

• a sticky dry feeling in the mouth
• trouble chewing, swallowing, tasting, or speaking
• a burning feeling in the mouth
• a dry feeling in the throat
• cracked lips
• a dry, rough tongue,
• mouth sores
• an infection

Front 29

What is hyperkeratinization?

Back 29

• Nicotinic Stomatitis

• An oral lesion associated with salivary glands caused by the heat from tabacco use or hot liquid consumption.

• Look like extra salivary ducts on the hard palate.

Front 30

What gland is located here?

Back 30

• Thyroid gland
- Butterfly-shaped
- Largest endocrine gland
- Located inferior to thyroid cartilage, junction between larynx and trachea.
- Ductless
- Consists of two lateral lobes, right and left, connected anteriorly by an isthmus.
- Thyroxine(T4) and Triiodothyronine(T3) controle metabolism
- influence heart rate, body temperature, alertness, mood, and many other functions.
- Controled by the patuitary gland which releases Thyroid-Stimulating Harmone (TSH).

• Innervated by sympathetic nerves through the cervical ganglia.

• Drains into the superior deep cervical lymph nodes

• Supplied by superior and inferior thyroid arteries.

Front 31

Hypothyroidism

Back 31

• Most common is Hashimoto thyroidosis - autoimmune disorder attacks the gland
• Other causes are iodine therapy/thyroid surgery, developmental disterbances, iodine deficiency.

• Associated with cretinism, or congenital lack of thyroxine; causing dwarfism with stocky stature, protruding abdomen, underdeveloped sex organs, misshapen face.

• May have goiter.

Oral Manifestations:
- Kids - enlarged tongue and lips, delayed tooth eruption and possible enamel hypoplasia.
- Adults - enlarged tongue; chronic severe peroidontal disease, slow, hoarse speach, possibly gingival hyperplasia.

Front 32

What is a goiter?

Back 32

• An enlargement of the glan that is possibly visible in portions during extraoral exam.

• may be firm and tender when palpated and may contain hard masses.

Front 33

Hyperthyroidism

Back 33

• Associated with Graves Disease - autoimmune hypertrophy of the gland.

• hypersecretion of thyroxine

• Causes exophthalmos (protruding eyes) tachycardia, severe weight loss, sweating, tremors, heat intolerance, frequent bowel movement.

• Treated by Radioactive Iodine or possible surgery.

• Oral Manifestation
- premature primary exfoliation, early eruption of permanents
- aggressive periodontal disease, dental caries, osteoporosis of the jaw, burning tongue, increased salivation.

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Back 34

Middle Pharyngeal Constrictor

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Back 35

Hyoid Bone

Front 36

Back 36

Thyrohyoid Membrane

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Back 37

Thyroid Cartilage

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Back 38

Cricothyroid Muscle

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Back 39

Right Lobe of the Thyroid Gland

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Back 40

Isthmus of the Thyroid Gland

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Back 41

Left Lobe of the Thyroid Gland

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Back 42

Parathyroid Glands

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Back 43

Trachea

Front 44

Parathyroid Glands

Back 44

• Consist of 4 small endocrin glands.
• Ductless
• Produce and secrete parathyroid harmone directly into vascular system.
• Located adjacent to/within posterior surface of thyroid gland.
• Not visible or palpable during extraoral exam.

• Innervated by the sympathetic nerves through the cervical ganglia.

• Drain into superior deep cervical lymph nodes.

• Supplied primarily by the inferior thyroid arteries.

Front 45

Thymus Gland

Back 45

• Endocrine gland - ductless
• Two lateral lobes, right and left, connected by an isthmus at midline
• located in the thorax, anterior region of the base of the neck, inferior to thyroid gland.
• Part of Immune System
• Grows from birth to puberty then starts to atrophy until it is gone in adulthood.

• Innervated by branches of the tenth cranial or vagus nerve and cervical nerves

• Lymphatic system arises within substance of gland and terminates in internal jugular vein.

• Supplied by inferior thyroid and internal thoracic arteries.

Front 46

Back 46

Thyroid Gland

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Back 47

Right & Left Lobe of Thymus

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Back 48

Isthmus of Thymus

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Back 49

Sternum

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Back 50

Base of the Tongue

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Back 51

Body of the Tongue

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Back 52

Lateral Border of the Tongue

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Back 53

Foramen Cecum

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Back 54

Filiform Papilla

Front 55

Back 55

Foliate Papilla

Front 56

Back 56

Fungiform Papilla

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Back 57

Lingual Tonsils

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Back 58

Median Lingual Sulcus

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Back 59

Circumvallate Papilla - Von Ebner's Salivary Glands