Hn 400 Final New

Front 1

zinc is taken up into the enterocyte through the...

Back 1

Zir-and Irt-like protein (ZIP)

Front 2

once inside the enterocyte, zinc can do one of three things:

1. bind to the zinc storage protein _____. once thionein has bound a mineral (or a metal) it is known as _________>

Back 2

thionein

metallothionein

Front 3

once inside the enterocyte, zinc can do one of three things:

2. be used for _____ purposes

Back 3

be used for functional purposes

Front 4

once inside the enterocyte, zinc can do one of three things:

3. bind to the ____ _____ ____ _____ (____) where it is transported to a zinc transporter (ZnT), which transports the zinc into circulation, where it primarily binds to the circulating protein albumin

Back 4

cysteine-rich intestinal protein (CRIP)

Front 5

zinc attached to _____ is transported to the liver through the portal vein

Back 5

albumin

Front 6

there is not a major storage site of zinc, but there are pools of zinc in these tissues...

Back 6

liver
bone
pancreas
kidney

Front 7

zinc is excreted in ________, but its absorption is also regulated in a manner similar to how iron absorption is regulated

Back 7

feces

Front 8

increased zinc consumption results in increased ____ synthesis in the enterocyte

as a result, more zinc is not used for functional uses or transported into circulation

enterocyte are then sloughed off, preventing the zinc from being absorbed

Back 8

thionein

more zinc will be bound to thionein forming metallothionein

Front 9

inhibitors of zinc absorption

Back 9

phytate (phytic acid), which also inhibits calcium and iron absorption

polyphenols (coffee, tea)

oxalate (spinach, rhubarb, sweet potatoes, dried beans)

non-heme iron

Front 10

in supplements zinc is found as....

Back 10

primarily zinc oxide - 80% zinc
---> least bioavailable form, but since it is 80% zinc, commonly used

zinc chloride - 23% zinc
zinc sulfate - 23%
zinc gluconate - 14.3%

Front 11

zinc's primary function is as a cofactor for up to 300 enzymes in the body

enzymes that use zinc as a cofactor are known as ________

Back 11

metalloenzymes

Front 12

superoxide dismutase can use any of these three cofactors

Back 12

zinc

copper

manganese

Front 13

in ethanol metabolism, _____ _____ uses 4 zincs per enzyme

Back 13

alcohol dehydrogenase

Front 14

zinc lozenges or syrup results in significant decrease in the duration and severity of common cold symptoms

however, large amounts of zinc consumption can be problematic due to this...

Back 14

copper and iron levels in the body may ultimately be affected

Front 15

the risk of zinc deficiency is low in the United States, however, a mutation of ____ results in the condition acrodematitis enteropathica

Back 15

mutation of ZIP4

zinc cannot be efficiently taken up into the enterocyte

Front 16

copper is found in these two forms:

Back 16

cupric (Cu2+) - oxidized
cuprous (Cu1+) - reduced

Front 17

the form of copper that is primarily absorbed

Back 17

Cu 1+ (cuprous)

Cu2+ is reduced to Cu1+ in the lumen

Front 18

like iron, the reduction reaction in the lumen to take cupric to cuprous is stimulated by...

Back 18

ascorbate

Front 19

once inside the enterocyte, Cu1+ (cuprous) can:

1. bind to ____ forming _______. while zinc is a better stimulator of these levels, copper is actually a more avid binder to this protein

Back 19

thionein

metallothionein

Front 20

once inside the enterocyte, Cu1+ (cuprous) can:

2. be used for _____ uses

Back 20

functional

Front 21

once inside the enterocyte, Cu1+ (cuprous) can:

3. transported across the cell by an unknown carrier and then exported by ________, an ATPase transporter

Back 21

ATP7A

Front 22

like zinc, copper is transported through the portal vein to the liver bound to _____, but this same transporter has a high affinity for cupric copper

Back 22

albumin

Front 23

similar to zinc, there is not much storage of copper in the body

the ____ is the primary site of storage, and if it is going to be stored, it will bind with thionein to form metallothionein

Back 23

liver

Front 24

copper to be sent out to the body is transferred to the copper transport protein _______, which can bind 6 coppers/protein

Back 24

ceruloprotein

Front 25

legumes, whole grains, nuts, shellfish, and seeds are good sources of copper

estimated that over 50% consumed is absorbed

copper is primarily excreted in ______

Back 25

feces

Front 26

there are a number of different forms of copper used in supplements.... all are bioavailable except...

Back 26

cupric oxide -- some still use this form b/c it is 80% copper

others include:
copper sulfate (25% copper)
cupric chloride (47%)
cupric acetate (35%)
copper carbonate (57%)

Front 27

these two copper-containing proteins oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+

Fe3+ is the form that binds to transferrin and is absorbed into tissue

therefore copper is important for iron absorption

Back 27

ceruloplasmin and hephaestin

Front 28

cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV) in the ETC is a ____-containing enzyme

Back 28

copper

Front 29

genetic disorder that results in copper deficiency

Back 29

Menke's disease

Front 30

believed that individuals w/ Menke's disease have a mutation in ________ that prevents copper from leaving the enterocyte, thus preventing absorption

Back 30

ATP7A

Front 31

this is a genetic disorder where a mutation in ______ prevents copper excretion, resulting in copper toxicity

individuals w/ this disease form golden to greenish-brown Kayser-Fleischer rings around the edges of the cornea

Back 31

Wilson's disease

ATP7B

Front 32

golden to greenish-brown rings around the edges of the cornea

characteristic of Wilson's disease

Back 32

Kayser-Fleischer rings

Front 33

compounds that separate into ions in water

Back 33

electrolytes

Front 34

body is ____ water by weight

Back 34

60%

Front 35

two thirds of water is intracellular

of the one third that is extracellular:

1/4 is ____
3/4 is _____ fluid

Back 35

plasma

interstitial fluid

Front 36

interstitial fluid amounts to ____% of total body water, while plasma _____% of TBW

Back 36

25%
8%

Front 37

the only major cation in extracellular fluid

Back 37

sodium

Front 38

sodium-potassium ATPase is an active carrier protein that pumps __ sodium ions out of the cell and ____ potassium ions into the cell

Back 38

3 sodium out
2 potassium in

Front 39

3 major functions of sodium

Back 39

1. fluid balance
2. aids in monosaccharide and amino acid absorption
3. muscle contraction and nerve transmission

Front 40

a decrease in plasma volume and blood pressure signals the release of the enzyme ____ from the kidney

Back 40

renin

Front 41

renin activates _____ that is eventually converted to ________

Back 41

angiotensin ---> angiotensin II

Front 42

angiotensin II signals the adrenal glands to secrete the hormone ______

Back 42

aldosterone

Front 43

aldosterone increases _____ reabsorption in the kidney, thus decreasing _____ excretion

Back 43

sodium

Front 44

increased sodium concentration cause plasma sodium concentrations to increase, which is detected by the ______

Back 44

hypothalamus

Front 45

the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to release ____ _____ (___) that causes the kidneys to reabsorb water, decreasing water excretion

net result is an increase in blood volume and blood pressure

Back 45

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Front 46

this gland releases ADH in response to hypothalamic stimulation

Back 46

pituitary gland

Front 47

glucose and galactose are taken up into the enterocyte by ___ ____ ______ __ (____), which requires sodium to be transported along w/ glucose or galactose

Back 47

sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1)

Front 48

sodium deficiency is rare, but is normally due to this..

Back 48

excessive sweating

low blood sodium (hypoatremia) can result in:
headache
nausea
vomiting
fatigue
muscle cramps

Front 49

sodium isn't toxic, but may increase the risk of developing high blood pressure

high sodium intake also increases _____ excretion, which may also increase the risk of developing kidney stones

Back 49

calcium

Front 50

sodium's partner in salt

the major extracellular anion

Back 50

chloride

Front 51

almost all chloride we consume is absorbed and it is excreted in ____ like sodium

Back 51

urine

Front 52

aids in nerve impulses
component of HCl
released by WBCs to kill foreign substances
helps maintain acid-base balance

Back 52

chloride functions

Front 53

major intracellular cation

Back 53

potassium

Front 54

good sources include beans, potatoes (w/ skin), milk, OJ, tomato juice, and bananas

Back 54

potassium

Front 55

greater than 85% of potassium is absorbed, and it is primarily excreted in _____ (about 90%)

Back 55

urine

Front 56

potassium is important for these two reasons

Back 56

1. fluid balance
2. nerve transmission and muscle contraction

Front 57

potassium deficiency is rare but can be fatal

symptoms are...

Back 57

weakness
fatigue
constipation
IRREGULAR HEARTBEAT

Front 58

considered an electrolyte, but this is not considered to be its primary role in body

good sources include green leafy vegetables, beans, nuts, seeds, and whole grains

Back 58

magnesium

Front 59

magnesium is primarily excreted in ______

Back 59

urine

Front 60

55-60% of magnesium found in the body is in ____

Back 60

bone

Front 61

magnesium helps to stabilize ATP and nucleotides by binding to ______ groups

also plays a role in over 300 enzymes in the body

Back 61

phosphate

Front 62

bioavailability of magnesium in this form is significantly less than other supplements

Back 62

magnesium oxide

better in magnesium chloride, lactate, and aspartate

Front 63

means that blood pressure increases w/ increased salt intake and vice versa

Back 63

salt-sensitive

Front 64

means that blood pressure increases w/ increased salt intake and vice versa

Back 64

salt-sensitive

Front 65

elderly
female
african american
hypertensive
diabetic
chronic kidney disease

Back 65

characteristics that increase the likelihood of an individual being salt-sensitive

Front 66

elderly
female
african american
hypertensive
diabetic
chronic kidney disease

Back 66

characteristics that increase the likelihood of an individual being salt-sensitive

Front 67

to combat hypertension, this diet was developed that emphasizes:

fruits
vegetables
fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products
whole grain food products
fish
poultry
nuts

limits: red meat, sweets, added sugars, and sugar-containing beverages

Back 67

DASH diet
dietary approaches to stop hypertension

high in: potassium, magnesium, calcium, protein, and fiber

Front 68

to combat hypertension, this diet was developed that emphasizes:

fruits
vegetables
fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products
whole grain food products
fish
poultry
nuts

limits: red meat, sweets, added sugars, and sugar-containing beverages

Back 68

DASH diet
dietary approaches to stop hypertension

high in: potassium, magnesium, calcium, protein, and fiber