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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anatomy |
Structure of body |
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Physiology |
Study of how the body works |
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Characteristics of life |
Maintenance of boundaries Movement - whole body and parts within Responsiveness Conductivity. Growth Respiration Digestion Absorption - transport and use of nutrients Secretion- production and delivery of specialized substances Excretion- waste removal Circulation- transport within body Reproduction. Metabolism |
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Elements |
One type of atom |
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Compound |
More than one type of atom |
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Anabolism |
Uses ATP to create more complex molecules |
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Catabolism |
Releases energy as compounds are broken down |
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Carbohydrates |
2-3% of body weight Sugar and starch Supplies most of energy |
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Simple carbohydrates |
Dissolve in water |
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Complex carbohydrates |
2 or more simple sugars Must be broken down by digestion |
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Lipids |
10-12% of body weight Insoluble in water Broken down by digestion Transported in blood by special mechanism Create membrane, hormones, energy, insulation |
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Proteins |
20% of body weight Chains of organic material- amino acids Forms structural framework of body Helps transport gases and hormones |
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Nucleic acid |
DNA and RNA |
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Organelles |
Components of cell |
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Plasma membrane |
Outer layer of cell Made of lipids carbs and protein |
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Active transport |
Requires ATP like sodium potassium pump |
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Passive transport |
Doesn't require ATP |
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Diffusion |
Passive transport Things going from higher concentration to lower until equal |
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Osmosis |
Passive Water going from lower concentration to higher until equal |
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Filtration |
Forced movement of water across membrane under pressure |
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Carrier mediated |
Proteins bind to ions and ride through vesicular |
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Endocytosis |
Moving into the cell |
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Exocytosis |
Moving out of the cell |
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Cytoplasm |
Everything in the cell |
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Cytosol |
Fluid in the cell |
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Cytoskeleton |
Internal scaffolding |
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Endoplasmic reticulum |
Tubes and flattened sacs and canals producing lipids (smooth) and protein (rough) for cell utilization and transport |
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Smooth ER |
creates lipids, responsible for metabolism and filtration |
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Rough ER |
Responsible for making protein |
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Golgi apparatus |
Processes and packages for distribution within or outside cell |
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Lysosomes |
Contains enzymes to break down and digest foreign substances |
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Microvilli |
Finger like projections increase surface area of membrane to increase absorption |
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Mitochondria |
One of the most numerous and largest parts of the cell. Produces ATP, energy for cell operation |
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Nucleus |
Contains DNA and controls all cell activity Usually largest organelle |
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Nucleolus |
Contains RNA Forms ribosomes |
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Peroxisomes |
Detox the cell |
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Ribosomes |
Combines amino acids to make protein |
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Cell |
Primary functional living unit Made of 80% water |
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Interphase |
Phase where cell grows and carries out normal function |
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Mitosis |
Cell division Creates identical daughter cells |
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Meiosis |
Cell division where daughter cells receive only half the chromosomes (ovum and sperm) |
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Tissues |
Group of similar cells cooperate to perform specific functions, embedded in matrix |
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Epithelial tissue |
Skin Lines cavities, forms glands, assist with moving substances in and out of blood Actively reproduces Cells packed tightly, little matrix |
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Apical surface |
Externally facing surface of epithelial tissue |
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Basal surface |
Internally facing surface of epithelial tissue |
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3 types of epithelial membranes |
Cutaneous, serous, mucous |
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Cutaneous membrane |
Covers the surface exposed to the external environment Skin |
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Serous membrane |
Lines body cavities Secretes fluid to lubricate organs and prevent friction |
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Mucous membrane |
On the surface of tubes that open to external environment such as respiratory, digestive and urinary tract Mucous is secreted to protect underlying cells |
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Basement membrane |
Permeable and thin membrane of epithelial tissue Attaches to underlying tissues |
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Connective tissue |
Most abundant tissue in body Found in tendons, ligaments, bones and cartilage Adds support and structure to body, protects from foreign substances, transports substances through body Made of matrix, fibers and cells Cells are far apart with lots of matrix Within matrix are one or more types of fibers |
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Types of connective tissue fibers |
Collagenous Reticular Elastic Most connective tissue made of all three in varying amounts |
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Collagenous fibers |
Tough and strong Withstands high longitudinal stress Makes up quarter of proteins in body Occurs in bundles Changes with age |
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Reticular fibers |
Delicate Supports capillaries and nerves Made of reticulin - form of collagen |
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Elastic fibers |
Extensible Found in stretchy tissues Made of elastin |
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Fluid connective tissue |
Blood Lose matrix (plasma) Maintains homeostasis Resists infection Maintains body heat |
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Connective tissue membranes |
Synovial membrane Lines spaces between synovial joints and bursae Secretes lube |
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Thixotropic |
Solidifies when cold and undisturbed Collagen fibers bind together when not used |
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Adhesions |
Small knots Nerves and blood vessels may get caught and compressed in them |
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Fibroblasts |
Repair tissues |
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Macrophages |
Digest damaged cells |
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Mast cells |
Release chemicals to deal with inflammation |
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Adipose |
Larges cells cluster together to make fat tissue stored in dermis Regular and collagenous fibers Fuel, insulates, stores fat-soluble vitamins Storage and release of fat regulated by hormones and nervous system |
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Types of connective tissue |
Dense regular Dense irregular Loose Adipose |
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Dense regular |
Mainly collagen fibers Lined up and squished together Low blood flow Tough and strong, some stretch Ligaments and tendons |
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Dense irregular |
Collagen and elastin Low blood flow Withstands intense pulling and impact Dermis, joint capsules, surrounding muscles, some organs |
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Loose (areola) |
Loose irregular Collagen, elastin good blood flow Is what the basement membrane attaches to Packing material and supplies nourishment Fluid filled spaces between cells and fibers |
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Cartilage |
Made of chondrocytes and extensive matrix Flexible and strong, rigid but springs back Low blood flow |
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Types of cartilage |
Hyaline Fibrocartilage Elastic |
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Hyaline |
Strong flexible and insensitive Assists with weight bearing support Attaches to bones In trachea, lungs and nose |
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Fibrocartilage |
Dense fibrous tissue, little matrix Rigid Withstands compression and impact forces In symphysis pubis, intervertebral disks and tendon attachments |
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Elastic cartilage |
Flexible form of hyaline Large portion of elastic fibers Flexible support External ear and larynx |
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Bone |
Framework Protects organs, marrow produces blood cells, storage of minerals Hard mineralized matrix |
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Muscle tissue |
Provides movement by shortening-contraction Contraction assist in posture and heat Muscle fibers (cells) are longer than they are thick |
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Skeletal muscle |
Large cross striated cells connected to skeleton Controlled voluntarily by nerves |
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Cardiac muscle |
Smaller striated Found in heart Not as organized Involuntary |
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Smooth muscle |
Not striated or voluntary In organs and viscera Help regulate blood flow, movement of secretions from glands and digestive substance movement |
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Nervous tissue |
Coordinates and regulates body activity Excitable and conductive Neurons-cells Neuroglia- connect and support neurons |
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Organs |
Two or more kinds of tissue combine to perform specific function |
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12 Systems |
Two or more kinds of organs combine to serve specific purpose
Integumentary. Skeletal. Muscular. Nervous. Endocrine Cardiovascular. Lymphatic Immune. Respiratory. Digestive Urinary Reproductive |
