Hm 561: Cell Injury Lab

Front 1

Fatty infiltration seen

Back 1

Pancreas (acinar) and endocrine (islets of langerhans)

Right Ventricle (mainly), Pancreas, Pts. with obesity

Front 2

Difference btw. fatty infiltration & fatty degeneration

Back 2

Fatty infiltration: CT to lipocytes

Fatty degeneration: fat accumulates in parenchymal cells (liver)

Front 3

Large fat vaculoes (that are not lipocytes or adipocytes) occur where?

Back 3

Hepatocytes, cytoplasmic contents and nuclei pushed to periphery

In liver, heart, kidney

Front 4

Difference btween fatty infilatration and fat vaculoes

Back 4

Fatty infiltration is fat btw acinar.

Fat vacuoles is fat within cytoplasm.

Front 5

How does fatty vacuoles occur?

Back 5

Via toxins: alcohol, protein malnutrition, diabetes mellitus, obesity, non-alcholic fatty liver

Front 6

How does fat necrosis look like?

Back 6

Covered with basophilic amorphous, granular material = Calcium soaps.

Front 7

Where is fat necrosis typically found?

Back 7

Pancreas, fatty tissue of abdomen, breast (if history of surgery or trauma)

Front 8

How does fat necrosis occur?

Back 8

Released lipases catalyze decomposition of triglycerides into free FA.

Free FA complex with calcium to form calcium soaps

Front 9

When cytoplasm of EC has undergone vesicular change. Cells lining tubule are swollen w/ excess fluid.

Accumulation of water causing clear vacuoles in cytoplasm

Vacuoles are segments of ER

Back 9

Hydropic degeneration

Front 10

What is hydropic degeneration?

Back 10

Ischemia or hypoxia causes a dec. in oxygen, loss of oxidative phosphorylation, less generation of ATP, failure of Na/K pump, influx of Na & water into cell, swelling.

Front 11

Where does aortic calcification occur?

Back 11

Heart, aortic valve, old age, rheumatic heart disease, vegetations of bacterial endocarditis.

Front 12

Deposition of Ca salts with iron and magnesium causing distortion and rigidity of valve

Back 12

Aortic calcification

Front 13

Deposition of salts in dying or dead tissue, Normal Ca serum levels

Back 13

Dsystrophic calcification

Front 14

Deposition of salts in living tissue, inc. serum Ca levels

Back 14

Metastatic calcification

Front 15

Examples of dystrophic calcification

Back 15

Old healed scars, atheromas of advanced atherosclerosis

Front 16

Where does aortic calcification occur?

Back 16

Heart, aortic valve, old age, rheumatic heart disease, vegetations of bacterial endocarditis.

Front 17

Deposition of Ca salts with iron and magnesium causing distortion and rigidity of valve.

Valve thickens because of fibrosis, hyalinization, and calcification

Back 17

Aortic calcification

Front 18

Deposition of salts in dying or dead tissue, Normal Ca serum levels

Back 18

Dsystrophic calcification

Front 19

Deposition of salts in living tissue, inc. serum Ca levels

Back 19

Metastatic calcification

Front 20

Examples of dystrophic calcification

Back 20

Old healed scars, atheromas of advanced atherosclerosis

Front 21

See RBC in alveolar spaces & pul. edema, fibrosis in lung pleura

Back 21

Chronic passive congestion

Front 22

How does chronic passive congestion occur?

Back 22

Progressive damming of blood within pulmonary circulation causes fluid accumulation in lungs

Front 23

Where does chronic passive congestion occur?

Back 23

Cardiac conditions (Inc. in LA pressure) causing inc. pul venous and capillary hydrostatic pressure

Front 24

What does rheumatic mitral stenosis cause?

Back 24

Inc. pul venous pressure, engorged alveolara capillaries, leakage of fluid into alveolar spaces (pul. edema), rupture of capillaries may occur with release of RBCs, phagocytosis of RBC by macrophages.

Front 25

Macrophages found where?

Back 25

In chronic passive congestion.

aka, hemosiderin-laden, siderophages, or heart failure cells

Brown color of lungs

Front 26

What causes gout?

Back 26

Hyperuricemia & deposition of urates w/in joints leading to acute & chronic gouty arthritis

Overproduction of uric acid due to inc. nucleic acid turnover (leukemia) or underexcretion of uric acid (renal disease)

Front 27

Gout is more common in what sex?

Back 27

Males, after 3rd decade, and genetic factors can cause it.

Front 28

Where does gout typically occur?

Back 28

Great toe, ankle, heel, knee, wrist

Front 29

Deposition of urates surrounded by inflammatory rxn

Back 29

Tophi

Front 30

Where does tophic usually occur?

Back 30

Helix/antihelix of ear, olecranon, and patella bursa, medulla of kidney