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156 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is ATP
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A form of energy that can be used by cells to run things
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Where is ATP produced
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Mitochondria
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What is the TCA cycle also called
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Krebbs cycle & tricarboxylic acid cycle
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in the middle of a race a long distace runner burns________as the main fuel sourse
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fat
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When approaching the finish line tied with another competitor, a long distance runner's body would like start to draw which fuel
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glycogen stores of glucose
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A weight lifter's body is likely to burn what as a fuel source
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glucose
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BUN stands for what and what does it indicate?
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Blood Urea Nitrogen, kidneys are not working well.
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what is the loading effort to have more carb energy available for competition
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glycogen
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the metabolic by-products of burning protein for energy are....
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energy, CO2, Water, and nitrogen
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the metabolic by-products of carbs for energy are
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energy, CO2, water
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the metabolic by-products of fat for energy are
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energy, CO2, water
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When is lactic acid made?
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when O2 is not available at the last step of glycolysis
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what does the protein burned in fat result in
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more nitrogen waste to excrete
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Where is glycogen stored
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the liver and muscles
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How many carbons long is acetate
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2
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During anaerobic metabolism what does the body do?
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spends fuel rapidly and lactic acid accumulates
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what is acetylCoA
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a combination of acetate and CoA that enters the TCA cycle
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If a snack is advertised as high energy it means?
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It has alot of calories in it
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In anaerobic metabolism the body burns what fuel
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glucose
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Where does energy production occur
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in the mitochondria of cells
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What is Urea
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a form of nitrogen that is excreted in the urine. If kidneys dont work right BUN increases
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What is gluconeogenesis
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the making of new glucose out of other materials like amino acids
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What does the beta in beta oxidation refer to
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it is the 2nd carbon in teh chain
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what is glucagon
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hormone that tells you that your blood sugar is low, and it tells your liver to send out glucose from stored glycogen in the liver
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What does brown fat do
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produces heat instead of ATP when it is burned
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How is the blood brain barrier related to energy production?
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Only tiny molecules like glucose can pass through to be fuel for the brain
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how are fatty acids broken down
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beta oxidation
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What is the P in ATP
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phosphorus
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What is the factor that initiats muscle building
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exercise
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Why are babies born with brown fat on their upper backs
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to protect them from sudden cold
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what does aerobic fitness reflect
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how well a person is able to deliver O2 to the tissues that need it
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what does the brain use for fuel when glucose is unavailable
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ketones
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what does anaerobic mean
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not O2 is involved
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is lifting a heavy weight aerobic or anaerobic
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anaerobic
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the # of calories in 1g of fat is?
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9
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the # of calories in 1g of protein is?
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4
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the # of calories in 1g of carb is
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4
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what is the body's least favorite fuel for burning?
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protein-extra waste to get rid of
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what is the pathway that chops up fatty acids for fuel called
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beta oxidation
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what is peristalsis
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the process that food moves through the digestive system
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what are ketones made of
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fat when there is too little glucose available.
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What is the name of the build up of ketones
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ketosis
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why is ketosis harmful?
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too much makes the system acidic---enough to pickle ones brain
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What is cellulose
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a long chain of glucose molecules that we cannot digest-fiber in our diet
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Where are carbs stored in animals
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liver and muscles
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what is F CHO made of
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nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen,and carbon
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Why were the Pima Indians studies?
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they have a gene that helps them store fat and develop diabetes easily
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what is the last section in the process of making ATP
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oxidative phosphorylation
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What are ketones
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small pieces of fat 3-4 carbons long that have to be made in the liver and used to feed the brain when glucose is unavailable
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why are bears allowed to hibernate
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they have brown fat
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why would iron deficiency cause fatigue and interfere with energy production
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Iron is required in the TCA cycle and all along the electron transport chain. The cytochromes there are iron containing substances
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how can hyperammonemia be esitmated
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have a person draw a star
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What are thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin
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B vitamins 1, 2, & 3
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What are the B vitamins role in ATP production
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they are cofactors in making ATP, by helping to transfer sparks to the electron transport chain
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what is the name for Thiamin deficiency
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beri-beri
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where are cytochromes found in ATP production
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in the electron transport chain
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what mineral is a central component of cytochromes
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iron
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what is oxidative phsophorylation
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the last step in capturing energy to make ATP out of ADP plus an extra P
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True or False: ATP production occurs only in the liver and then it is distributed to other cells
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false-it is in all cells except RBC
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What is CoA
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A "panhandle" that is needed to move things around, like to move acetate into the TCA cycle by forming acetylCoA
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what does aerobic fitness reflect
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how well a person is able to deliver O2 to the tissues that need it
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what does the brain use for fuel when glucose is unavailable
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ketones
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what does anaerobic mean
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not O2 is involved
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is lifting a heavy weight aerobic or anaerobic
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anaerobic
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the # of calories in 1g of fat is?
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9
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the # of calories in 1g of protein is?
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4
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the # of calories in 1g of carb is
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4
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what is the body's least favorite fuel for burning?
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protein-extra waste to get rid of
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what is the pathway that chops up fatty acids for fuel called
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beta oxidation
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what is peristalsis
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the process that food moves through the digestive system
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|
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what are ketones made of
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fat when there is too little glucose available.
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What is the name of the build up of ketones
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ketosis
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why is ketosis harmful?
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too much makes the system acidic---enough to pickle ones brain
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What is cellulose
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a long chain of glucose molecules that we cannot digest-fiber in our diet
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Where are carbs stored in animals
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liver and muscles
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what is ATP
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A form of energy that can be used by cells to run things
|
|
|
Where is ATP produced
|
Mitochondria
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|
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What is the TCA cycle also called
|
Krebbs cycle & tricarboxylic acid cycle
|
|
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in the middle of a race a long distace runner burns________as the main fuel sourse
|
fat
|
|
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When approaching the finish line tied with another competitor, a long distance runner's body would like start to draw which fuel
|
glycogen stores of glucose
|
|
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A weight lifter's body is likely to burn what as a fuel source
|
glucose
|
|
|
BUN stands for what and what does it indicate?
|
Blood Urea Nitrogen, kidneys are not working well.
|
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what is the loading effort to have more carb energy available for competition
|
glycogen
|
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the metabolic by-products of burning protein for energy are....
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energy, CO2, Water, and nitrogen
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the metabolic by-products of carbs for energy are
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energy, CO2, water
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the metabolic by-products of fat for energy are
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energy, CO2, water
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When is lactic acid made?
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when O2 is not available at the last step of glycolysis
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what does the protein burned in fat result in
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more nitrogen waste to excrete
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Where is glycogen stored
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the liver and muscles
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How many carbons long is acetate
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2
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What is a high energy phosphate bond"
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Lots of energy captured by joining phosphorus molecules together that can be broken to release the energy for use. ATP and creatine are examples
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What is creatine
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A high energy phosphate bond that is similar to ATP and the subject of interest in sports
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What is meant by protein sparing
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It means that you have enough calories from CHO and/or fat to meet your fuel needs, so you will not have to burn your muscles or the protein in your diet for fuel
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What is the fate of protein consumed but not needed at the moment
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It is converted to fat or CHO and stored and the N is excreted as urea
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ATP production was described in class as what
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using fuel to generate and gather sparks to make batteries
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What provides energy
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CHO, protein, fat
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Glycolyis is what
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anaerobic and aerobic. The first sparks can be made without O2 delivery, but the last step requires O2
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Is beta oxidation aerobic or anaerobic
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aerobic
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What cycle is ATP made in
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TCA
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What was the electron transport described as
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bucket brigade passing along sparks like ppl pass buckets of water to put out fires, or pass sandbags to build dikes
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What was Coenzyme A described as
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a panhandle
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With what substance will pyruvate form from glucose metabolism
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O2
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If a person eats several times the amt of protein needed in a day it will_____
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be burned as fuel or stored as fat
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The organ responsible for BMR
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Thyroid
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What causes heartburn
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Seepage of gastric acid into the esophagus
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How is acid in the stomach neutralized
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bicarbonate from the pancreas
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Why are villi important
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they increase the absorptive surface area.
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Where is the iliem
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sm intestine
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What does BMR stand for
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Basal Metabolic Rate-the calories you burn just sitting doing nothing
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What is the major metabolic organ.
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liver
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what is another name for Celiac disease
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gluten sensitive enteropathy
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Osmolality
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H2O and particles trying to even things out on both sides
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What happens to lactose that remains in the intestine because of malabsorption
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water will be attracted from the body to the intestine resulting in diarrhea
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What is an issue in lactose intolerance
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disaccharides
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what is glycogen
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stored form of carbohydrate
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where are disaccharidases produced
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in the villi
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what operates on starches and fat
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amylases and lipases
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What does the acid in the stomach do
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kills germs that come with food, helps with digestion of vitamin B12 and it is involved in digestion process
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where is bile produced
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liver
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where is bile stored
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gallbladder
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|
what is ATP
|
A form of energy that can be used by cells to run things
|
|
|
Where is ATP produced
|
Mitochondria
|
|
|
What is the TCA cycle also called
|
Krebbs cycle & tricarboxylic acid cycle
|
|
|
in the middle of a race a long distace runner burns________as the main fuel sourse
|
fat
|
|
|
When approaching the finish line tied with another competitor, a long distance runner's body would like start to draw which fuel
|
glycogen stores of glucose
|
|
|
A weight lifter's body is likely to burn what as a fuel source
|
glucose
|
|
|
BUN stands for what and what does it indicate?
|
Blood Urea Nitrogen, kidneys are not working well.
|
|
|
what is the loading effort to have more carb energy available for competition
|
glycogen
|
|
|
the metabolic by-products of burning protein for energy are....
|
energy, CO2, Water, and nitrogen
|
|
|
the metabolic by-products of carbs for energy are
|
energy, CO2, water
|
|
|
the metabolic by-products of fat for energy are
|
energy, CO2, water
|
|
|
When is lactic acid made?
|
when O2 is not available at the last step of glycolysis
|
|
|
what does the protein burned in fat result in
|
more nitrogen waste to excrete
|
|
|
Where is glycogen stored
|
the liver and muscles
|
|
|
How many carbons long is acetate
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2
|
|
|
what does the acid in the stomach do
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kills germs from food, helps with digestion of B12, and is involved in digestion process
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where is bile produced
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liver
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where is bile stored
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gallbladder
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where is bicarbonate released from
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pancreas
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itis
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inflammation of
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osis
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presence of
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ectomy
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removing
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ostomy
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making an opening
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opathy
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related to disease
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gen
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making or producing
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lys
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breaking
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yl
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attached to
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whre is the only place where B12 can be absorbed
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terminal ileum
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what is digestion
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chops things up to get ready to try to bring the nutrients into the body
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what is absorption
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the actual passing of nutrients into the body from the intestinal lumen
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what is the endocrine function of the pancreas
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making insulin and glucagon
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what is an exocrine function of the pancreas
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making digestion enzymes and squirting them our the intestinal lumen
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What is the body's preferred fuel for quick bursts of activity
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glucose
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what is the usual GI finding in uncontroled celiac disease
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absent villi in the intestines
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wheat rye and barley are problems in what disease
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celiac disease
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amylases and lipases operate on what
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starches and fats
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