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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What virulence factors does Staphylococcus aureus have?
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Capsule
Hyaluronidase Staphylysin Leucocidin Leudotoxin Coagulase Staphylokinase Adhesins: fibrin/fibronectin Exotoxins (TSS and Exfoliation) |
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What virulence factors does Streptococcus pyogenes have?
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Capsule
Lipoteichoic acid Streptolysins Hyaluronidase Streptokinase Streptodornases Pyrogenic exotoxins Fimbriae and M protein |
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What bacteria make the invasin:
Fibrinolysin? |
Staphylococcus and Streptococcus
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Which bacteria have the following invasin?
Hyaluronidase |
Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Clostridia
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Which bacteria have the following invasin?
Coagulase |
Staphylococcus aureus
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Which bacteria have the following invasin?
Leukocidin |
Staphylococcus aureus
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Which bacteria has the adhesins:
Protein A Fibronectin binding protein? |
Staphylococcus aureus
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Which bacteria have the following invasin?
Kinases (plasminogen--> plasmin to digest fibrin) |
Staphylococcus and Streptcoccus
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What bacteria form biofilms?
And what is the main ingredient of the biofims? What disease is caused? |
Staphylococcus epidermidis (Teichoic acids, nosocomials)
Staphylococcus aureus (fibrins, Endocarditis) Streptococcus mutans (Dextran, Dental caries) |
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Which bacteria have the following invasin?
Hemolysin |
Staphylococcus, Streptococcus,
Escherichia coli, Clostridium |
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Which bacteria have the following invasin?
Streptolysin |
Streptococcus pyogenes
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Which bacterial species has the following adhesin? Protein F
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Streptococcus pyogenes
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Which bacterial species has the following adhesin?
Glycosyl transferase |
Streptococcus mutans
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Which bacterial species has the following adhesin? lipotechoic acid
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Streptoccus epidermidis
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Which bacteria has the adhesin?
M protein? |
Streptococcus
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Which bacteria have the following invasin?
Collagenase |
Clostridium hystolyticum
Clostridium perfringens |
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Which bacteria have the following invasin?
Lecithinase |
Clostridium perfringens
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Which bacteria have the following invasin? Phospholipases
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Clostridium perfringens
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Which bacteria have the following invasin?
Neuraminidase |
Vibrio cholerae and Shigella dysentariae
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What bacteria produces:
pore forming Listeriolysin, Phospholipase, Catalase? |
Listeria monocytogenes
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What virus has the Hemagglutinin adhesin
and what host receptor does it bind to? |
Influenza virus binds to Neuraminic/Sialic Acid
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What virus has the gp120 adhesin molecule
and what host receptors and co-receptors does this bind to? |
HIV binds to CD4 with CCR5 or CXCR4 coreceptors
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Which bacterial species has the following adhesin? Fimbriae
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Escherichia coli, Bordetella pertussis
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What bacteria cause Membrane Ruffling?
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"YEESS"
Yersinia pestis, EHEC, EIEC, Shigella, Salmonella |
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What bacteria have the
Intimin adhesin: and form pedestals? |
EHEC (Enterohemorrhagic E. coli) and
EPEC (Enteropathogenic E. coli) |
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Which two Escherichia coli form pedestals in the small intestine?
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E...............E
Have........Pedestals, use intimin adhesin E...............E C...............C EPEC and EHEC |
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Which two Escherichia coli produce membrane ruffling?
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E E
H I Membrane Ruffling E E C C |
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Which E. coli bacteria has:
Fimbriae, the AB Type III exotoxins: LT enterotoxin (like Cholera), ST enterotoxin? |
ETEC (enterotoxigenic E. coli, like Cholera)
non-invasive |
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Which E. coli bacteria has:
invasins, membrane ruffling, Shigellosis like dysentery |
EIEC (Enteroinvasive E. coli)
invasive |
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Which E. coli bacteria has:
intimin adhesin, and forms pedestals, but no: fimbria/LT/ST enterotoxins? |
EPEC (enteropathogenic E. coli)
moderately-invasive |
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Which E. coli bacteria has:
Intimin adhesin, Catalase, Shiga-like toxin, and forms pedestals? |
EHEC (Enterohemorrhagic E. coli)
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Which bacteria has
antigenic variations, fimbira, pili and Opa protein? |
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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What bacteria has the adhesin:
Hemagglutinin? |
Haemophilus influenzae
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What bacteria has the adhesin:
Internalin? |
Listeria monocytogenes
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What virus demonstrates
Antigenic shift and Antigenic drift? |
Influenza virus
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What is in Vol 1 Bergey's Manual of Systemic Bacteriology?
Examples? |
Domain Archaea, deeply branching Gram - bacteria.
Methanobacteria, Anabaena |
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What is in Vol 2 Bergey's Manual of Systemic Bacteriology?
Examples? |
Proteobacteria: related Gram- bacteria.
Rickettsii, Helicobacter, Vibrio, Neisseria, Yersia, Haemophilus, Salmonella, Shigella, Pseudomonas. |
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What is in Vol 3 Bergey's Manual of Systemic Bacteriology?
Examples? |
Low G+C Gram + bacteria: Firmicutes
(Phyums Firmicutes and Mycoplasmas). Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Clostridium, Listeria Gram + rods producing antibiotics |
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What is in Vol 4 Bergey's Manual of Systemic Bacteriology?
Examples? |
4 distinct Phyla based on rRNA:
Chlamydiae, Spirochetes, Fusobacteria, Bacteriodetes. Chlamydia trachomatis, Treponema pallidum Borrelia burgdorfia |
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What is in Vol 5 Bergey's Manual of Systemic Bacteriology?
Examples? |
High G+C Gram + bacteria: Actinobacteria
(Mycobacteria and Actinomycetes) Mycobacterium tuberculosis/leprae Corynebacterium diphtheria Streptomyces (antibiotic producers) |
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What are the portals of entry?
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"MSP"
Mucous membranes: Respiratory, Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary tracts, conjuntiva, Skin, Parenteral routes |
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What are the Penetration or Evasions of host defences?
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"CCEAII"
Capsules Cell wall components Enzymes Antigenic variation Invasins Intracellular growth |
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What are the areas of damage to host cells?
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"SDTLC"
Siderophores Direct damage Toxins (Exotoxins, Endotoxins) Lysogenic conversion Cytopathic effects |
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What are 4 invasive bacteria?
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Loch "NESS" monsters:
Neisseria gonorrhoea Escherichia coli Shigella Salmonella |
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What are main Lysogenic toxins and
the lysogenized bacteria that produce them? |
Type III, AB Toxins:
Shigella dysenteriae: Shigella toxin Clostridium botulinum: Botulinum toxin Escherichia coli: O157-H7: Shiga-like toxin Vibrio cholera: Cholera toxin Corynebacterium diphtheriae: Diphtheria toxin Streptococcus pyogenes: Pyrogenic exotoxin |
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What bacteria have capsules?
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"Even Some Super Killers Have Pretty Nice Capsules"
Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Salmonella, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Neisseria meningitidis, and the yeast Cryptococcus neoformans. |
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Three major bacterial causes of meningitis are,
and what do they have in common? |
Haemophilus influenzae,
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis All have a capsule. |
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What are the two strains of HIV
and which is more virulent? |
HIV-1 (more virulent, clade B in NA) and HIV-2
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What is special about Listeria monocytogenes?
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It is a psychrophile (likes 4C temps),
produces Lyseriolysin O (pore-forming) and Phospholipase (to get out of phagosome) and Catalase (to survive in phagcytes) |
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What are three important viruses that cause endephalitis?
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Herpes simplex viruses I and II,
Arborviruses (eg West Nile Virus), Rabies virus |
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What similar traits do Clostridium tetani
and Clostridium botulinum have? |
They are both:
obligate anaerobes, produce a Type III AB exotoxin (lysogenic conversion), result in paralysis (over-reactive and flaccid). |
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What is the difference between the Streptococcus pyogenes that causes Scarlet Fever and the one causing Pharyngitis/Strep throat?
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Scarlet Fever is caused by an erythrogenic toxin (a pyrogenic exotoxin) produced by Streptococcus pyogenes that has been lysogenized by a phage.
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What two viruses cause most colds
and what kind of genetic material do they have? |
rhinoviruses and coronaviruses and they are RNA viruses.
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What three ways does Mycobacterium tuberculosis use to allow multiplication within cells?
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It has waxy mycolic acid that resists digestion,
it prevents fusion of the lysosome w/phagosome, it prevents acidification of phagosome by producing NH4. |
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What is liquefaction?
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When the caseous center of a mature tubercle enlarges enough to form an air-filled tuberculous cavity for aerophilic Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli to multiply outside of macrophages.
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What is miliary tuberculosis?
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When a caseous lesion ruptures releasing bacteria into blood or lymph vessels resulting in a systemic infection which is characterized by weight loss, coughing, and loss of vigor.
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What bacteria causes 2/3 of all bacterial pneumonias?
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encapsulated Streptococcus pneumoniae
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What two bacterial pathogens cause pneumonia and meningitis?
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Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae
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Which Influenza virus strain is the most disease causing?
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Type A
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What is Pathogenicity?
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The ability to cause disease by overcoming the defenses of a host
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What is Pathogenesis?
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The mechanism of pathogenicity (or the mechanism of a disease)
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What is Virulence and what are its determinants?
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The degree or extent of pathogenicity and its determined by: any of its genetic, biochemical, or structural features that enable it to produce diseases in hosts.
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What three areas of study does General pathology (scientific study of disease processes) include?
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A. Etiology---the study of the pathogens of a disease
B. Pathogenesis---the mechanism of a disease C. The result of disease---Structural and functional changes of the host |
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What does ID50 mean?
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The infectious dose or the number (of pathogens required for successful infection of 50% of a sample population.
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What does LD50 mean?
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The lethal dose of a toxin required to kill 50% of a sample population.
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Adhesion is what?
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The attachment between the pathogen and host which is the first and often an essential step in
1) pathogenesis and 2) formation of a biofilm. |
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What macromolecules usually make up:
Adhesins, Adhesin receptors? |
Adhesins are usually proteins (lip- or glyco-) and
Adhesin receptors (ligands) are usually sugars. |
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Name 4 spreading factors and their respective pathogens.
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Hyaluronidase: streptococci. staphylococci, and clostridia
Collagenase: Clostridium histolyticum and perfringens. Neuraminidase: Vibrio cholerae and Shigella dysenteriae. Streptokinase and staphylokinase are produced by Streptococci and Staphylococci. |
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What enzymes are hemolysins and
what bacteria produces them? |
Staphylolysin produced by Staphylococci and
Streptolysins produced by Streptococci. |
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What lyses WBC's
and what bacteria produces it? |
Leukocidins produced by Staphylococci.
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What two main functions do capsules serve in bacteria?
Examples of each? |
Inhibition of phagocytic engulfment,
(Strep. pneumoniae, Strep. pyogenes, H. influenzae), and evading the Complement system (Staph. aureus, H. influenzae, N. meningitis). |
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What bacteria inhibit phagosome-lysosome fusion?
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Salmonella, M. tuberculosis, Legionella and the Chlamydiae.
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What bacteria survive inside the phagolysosome?
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Bacillus anthracis, M. tuberculosis, and Staphylococcus aureus.
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What 3 ways do bacterial pathogens cause disease?
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Toxins:
endotoxin: part of outer wall, Lipid A exotoxin: produced inside as growth/metabolism entero toxins: exotoxin released in intestine Direct damage through multiplication Siderophores to deplete host nutrients |
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What are the 3 main pathophysiological responses to endotoxin?
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Fever
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Septic Shock |
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The main three points of Exotoxins are:
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Specific to one bacteria
soluble proteins (enzymes) most potent toxins known |
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What are the three types of exotoxins
and where/how do they act? |
Type I: bind to a receptor on the cell surface and stimulate intracellular signaling pathways.
Type II: membrane damaging toxins exhibit hemolysin or cytolysin activity. Type III: intracellular |
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What are the two main types of Type I exotoxins
and bacterial examples of each? |
1) Superantigens are highly potent in activating T-cells nonspecifically (Staph and Strep TSS).
2) Heat-stable enterotoxins (STs) (E coli, Staph. aureus) |
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What are the two main types of Type II exotoxins?
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1) Channel-forming toxins
(Hemolysin: Staph, Clostridia Lysteriolysin O: Listeria ) 2) Enzymes (phospholipase: Helicobacter, Clostridium, Yersinia) |
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What are the two main types of Type III exotoxins?
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1) Secretion systems (Yop: Yersinia pestis).
2) AB toxins (lysogenic conversions) (Cholera toxin, diphtheria toxin, Botulinum toxin, Tetanus toxin, Shigella toxin, Exfoliatum toxin) |
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What symptom do enterotoxins usually produce?
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Secretion of large amounts of fluids and electrolytes.
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What are toxiods?
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Toxoids are detoxified toxins which retain their antigenicity and their immunizing capacity.
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What is a siderophore?
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A siderophore (Greek for iron carrier) is an iron chelating compound secreted by microorganisms.
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What are three viral cytopathic effects?
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1.) Inclusion bodies formation;
2.) Cell fusion; 3.) Cell transformation. |
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What is cell transformation?
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Cell transformation is the first step in tumorigenesis, which converts normal cells into cells that will continue to divide without limit (cancerous cells).
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What is a syncytium?
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Syncytium is a large cell-like structure filled with cytoplasm containing many nuclei which result when viral fusion proteins used by the virus to enter the cell are transported to the cell surface where they can cause the host cell membrane to fuse with neighboring cells..
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What are the two types of cancer causing viruses?
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1) Acutely-transforming viruses, which carry an overactive oncogene which expresses a cancer-causing protein.
2) Slowly-transforming viruses, these viral genomes insert (such as retroviruses) into the host genome. |
