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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Surveillance |
keeping track usually over time or at a specific time of the occurrence of morbidity, mortality, and injury/disability |
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The purpose of surveillance |
detect changes in disease trends and to initiate appropriate prevention and control/protection measures |
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Surveillance is.... |
systematic ongoing collection, collation, analyses of data, and the timely dissemination of info for those who need to know so that action can be taken |
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Screening |
presumptive identification of an unrecognized disease or defect by the application of tests, examinations, or other procedures which can be applied rapidly to sort out apparently ill/well persons, who probably have a disease, from those who probably do not |
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Presumptive |
a belief supported by probability |
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T/F a screening test is a diagnosis |
false; it is not a diagnosis
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Screening level |
the normal limit or cutoff point where a screening test is considered positive |
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Screening tests are designed to be... |
applied to large groups of people, innocuous or non-intrusive, safe, inexpensive, acceptable to the people being screened, reliable, valid |
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Criteria for Disease Selection when to screen |
condition should be an important health issue, an investigator should be able to differentiate diseased individuals from non-diseased individuals through diagnostic tests, prognosis should be improved if the disease is detected and treated early |
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Sensitivity |
Se the proportion of truly diseased persons based on true status in the screened populations who are identified as diseased by the screening test |
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Sensitivity measures the probability of... |
correctly identifying a case with the disease |
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Specificity |
Sp the proportion of truly non-diagnosed persons based on true status who are correctly identified by the screening test |
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Specificity measures the probability of... |
correctly identifying a non-diseased person |
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Positive Predictive Value (PPV) |
the probability that a positive test is positive when all positive tests are taken into account; meaning both true and false positives are taken into account |
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Negative Predictive Value (NPV) |
the probability that a negative test is negative when all negative tests are taken into account; meaning both true negatives and false negatives |
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SE= |
a/a+c x 100%
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Sp= |
d/d+b x 100% |
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PPV= |
a/a+b x 100% |
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NPV= |
d/d+c x 100% |
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Validity = |
Se + Sp - 100% |
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What are 2 measures of validity? |
Sensitivity and Specificity |
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What are the 2 most important measures of a screening test? |
Se and Sp |
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Yield |
the % of TPs accurately identified by a screening test |
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Yield = |
TP/Total x 100% |
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Accuracy = |
(TP + TN/Total Sample) x 100% |
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Variation/bias is a function of the following` |
# of observations, # of observers, # of patients, the administrators knowledge of the test |
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What happens when you increase prevalence and observe the affects on PPV and FP? |
Prevalence and PPV increase FP decreases |
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What happens when you increase specificity and observe the affects on PPV and FP? |
SP and PPV increase FP decrease
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What are two ways to reduce FPs? |
Prevalence and SP increase |
