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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where are epicenters of HIV/AIDS epidemic? |
sub-saharan Africa, India, China, Russia |
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________ has dramatically altered the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in the US by reducing the number of deaths and the occurrence of opportunistic infections. |
HAART. |
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Modes of HIV transmission? |
sexual contact, perninatal (indcluding breast milk), blood and blood products, organ tissue transplantation |
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The most common method of transmission of HIV/AIDS in the US? |
MSM; men having sex with men |
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Describe the natural history of HIV infection with respect to T-cell count and viral load. |
-Acute infection: fever rash, adenopathy, pharyngitis, hepatosplenomegaly, meningitis. Large spike in plasma concentration of virus/ CD4 cells drop.
-Latent period: clinically asymptomatic, Viral load constant, CD4 cells continue to decrease
-Loss of immune function implicate immunodeficiency, opportunistic infections arise. |
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______ determines when therapy should be initiated. |
CD4 cell count. <200 cells/mm3 indicates AIDS diagnosis.
"distance from site of doom" |
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What is used to measure efficacy of therapy? |
viral load. Measures HIV RNA in plasma, # of copies. >100,000 considered high. |
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Patients at high risk should be tested _______. |
annually |
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What is the first step in HIV testing? |
rapid test or ELISA. Confirmed by western blot analysis of viral lysate. |
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What is the usefulness of HIV RNA testing? |
tells amount of virus in different body compartments, and uses primers for various coding regions of HIV genome.
helps determine and measure the presence of different HIV clades. |
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What is genotypic resistance testing? |
uses sequences of nucleotides in the RT and protease coding regions to determine correlations with known mutations that confer resistance to different drugs. |
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Phenotypic resistance testing? |
uses molecular constructs of quasi-species in particular patients, extent of replication is a measure of ARV drug resistance. |
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What stages of viral replication does ART target? |
-reverse transcription -protease enzyme cleavage -integrase enzyme function -co-receptor binding -virus-cell membrane fusion |
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What is the minimum number of drugs given in combination for HAART? |
minimum of three to achieve undetectable viral load |
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What are NRTIs? |
nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, competitively inhibit RT |
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NNRTIs? |
non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; non-competitively inhibit RT |
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Patients are usually give _______ and a third agent. |
nucleoside backbone of two drugs |
