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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does AIDS stand for and when was the term first coined?
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Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome, 1981
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In ______, a common antibody was identified in clients with AIDS and in _______, HIV was isolated.
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1983, 1984
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True or False. According to the CDC AIDS effects nearly 7x more African-Americans and 3x more Hispanics than whites.
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True
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Rapid increase in HIV case in women is of special concern and have increased from 7% in 1985 to 23% in 2000. How were the majority of these women infected?
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75% of women infected were infected through heterosexual contact.
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Where is the highest incidence of AIDS found? What other countries have high incidences of AIDS?
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highest: 70% of those infeced with HIV or AIDS live in Sub-Saharan Africa Others: South & Southeast Asia (16%), the U.S, Western Europe, South America and Canada.
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What is HIV called a retrovirus?
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This means that it carries its genetic information in RNA
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After HIV enters the body which cells does it infect?
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Lymphocytes which have the CD4 antigen (called "CD4" or Helper T Lymphocytes)
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What is reverse transcriptase and what does HIV use it for?
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This is an enzyme which HIV uses to convert RNA to DNA
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After the viral DNA is integrated into the host cells DNA it continues to be duplicated. New viruses are made. HIV replication ultimately ends in what?
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Killing of the CD4 T cell when copies of the HIV are released into the bloodstream.
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What is seroconversion and when does it occur?
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The point at which an infected person converts from being negative for HIV antibodies in the blood to being postive and typically occurs within 1-6 months after exposure.
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What do Helper T cells do?
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They play a vital role in immune system function, directing cell-mediated immune activity and influencing the phagocytic activity of monocytes and macrophages, among other things.
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What T-Cell count is concidered a diagnosis of AIDS? What is a normal T cell count?
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diagnosis is based on T cell count of <200/mm3 and a normal count is >1000/mm3
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What is the primary infection phase and what are its symptoms?
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An acute phase occuring within days to weeks after exposure to HIV and presents with mononucleosis-like symptoms such as fever, sore throat, headache, rash, lymphadenopathy, etc.
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What is the second phase of HIV infection, when does it occur and what are the symptoms?
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The second phase is called chronic asymptomatic or latency phase and can last from 8-10 years. The virus is present, can be transmited to others but has few or no symptoms
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What is the thrid phase of HIV infection?
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Overt AIDS with an increase in opportunistic infections, <200 CD4 count. Without therapy this phase can lead to death within 2-3 years.
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What are 5 common tests used for diagnosis of HIV?
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ELISA, Western blot antibody testing, HIV viral load tests, CBC, CD4 cell count
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with a viral load test, what amount of HIV copies /ml indicates a need for treatment?
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>5000-10000 copies/ml
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______ ________ ________ is the most common cause of mental status changes for clients with HIV infection.
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AIDS Dementia Complex
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What are the symptoms of AIDS Dementia Complex?
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Fluctuating memory loss, confusion, difficulty concentrating, lethargy, and diminished motor speed, ataxia, tremors, spasticity, incontinence, and paraplegia.
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What are some other CNS effects besides AIDS Dementia Complex that affect those inflicted with AIDS?
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Toxoplasmosis, Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma, Cryptococcal, meningitis, and CMV
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What are two common respiratory infections associated with AIDS?
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Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia and Tuberculosis
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What is PCP and what percent of AIDS pts develope it?
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75-80% develope pneumocystis carinii pneumonia which is caused by a common fungus that is not pathogenic in pts with intact immune sys.
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What are two secondary cancers associated with AIDS?
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Kaposi's Sarcoma and Lymphomas
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What is Kaposis Sarcoma?
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tumor of endothelial cells lining small blood vessels and presents as vascular macules, papules or violet lesions affecting the skin and viscera
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What are the two most common lymphomas associated with AIDS?
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Non-hodgkins lymphoma and primary lymphoma of the brain
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What are the two primary purposes of medications used to treat AIDS?
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To suppress the infection itself and to treat opportunistic infections
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What is HAART?
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Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy: combo of three or four antiretroviral drugs (cocktail)
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What is the purpose of HAART?
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To suppress the HIV infection and reduce the incidence of drug resistance.
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What is NRTI and how does it work in suppressing HIV?
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Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: inhibits the action of viral reverse transcriptase or in other words it "messes up the message."
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What are 3 examples of NRTI?
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Zidovudine (AZT), Didanosine (DDI), Zalcitabine (DDC)
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What are some example of protease inhibitors?
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Invirase, Norvir, Viracept, Kaletra
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What are Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase inhibitors?
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drugs used in combo with NRTI's and protease inhibitors which actually attack the enzymes themselves.
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How does HAART prevent drug resistant strains of HIV?
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HIV frequently mutates creating drug resistance strains, however each different drug works to stop HIV replication at a different point or location during replication thus reducing the chance for mutation.
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How do protease inhibitors work to suppress HIV replication?
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They interrupt HIV replication at a later stage in its life cycle by interfering with the enzyme HIV protease which cause HIV particles to become structurally disorganized and noninfectious.
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