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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is gametogenesis?
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Gametogenesis involves Meiosis and Morphological changes in cells.
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What are germ cells?
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Germ cells are gametes and their process of formation is called gametogenesis.
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What division is found in germ cells?
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meiosis.
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What is division in somatic body cell?
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Mitosis
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Somatic body cell:
identical cells or different cells? |
Identical cells
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Germ cells:
Identical cells or different cells? |
Different cells
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How many chromosomes and DNA are found in Germ cells compared to the orgininal cells?
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1. Half chromosome number
2. Haploid cell. |
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In germ cells, the cell receives from mother or father cell???
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Each germ cell ONLY receives ONE copy of a chromosome EITHER from mother or father.
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How do the number of somatic body cell compare to the starting cell?
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Somatic body cell's chromsome is as SAME as starting cell.
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Diploid or Haploid number in Somatic body cell?
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Diploid cell in SOMATIC body cells.
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Do the somatic body cells receive from mother or father cells?
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Somatic body cells receive 23 (half ) from mother and 23 chromosome (half ) from father.
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Compare to parent's cell: what is in Prophase of Mitosis?
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In mitosis: Prophase:
1. 4n DNA (duplicate from 2n) 2. 46 chromsome ( same number as parent's but in 2 chromotids in 1 chromosome). |
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Compare to parent's cell : what is in Metaphase and early Anaphase of Mitosis?
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1. 4n DNA
2. 46 chromosome |
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Compare to parent's cell: what is telophase of Mitosis?
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1. 2n DNA
2. 46 chromosome |
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What kind of cell at the end of Mitosis compare to Parent's cell?
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Each daughter cell has the SAME number of DNA and SAME number of chromosome compare to Parent's cell.
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How do germ cell go through Meiosis?
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Germ cells undergo 2 Meiotic division?
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What is the 1st Meiotic division?
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1st Meiotic division is Reduction division.
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What is the 2nd Meotic division?
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2nd Meiotic division is Equitational division.
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What happens in the 1st Meiotic division of Germ cells?
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involves separation of Homologous chromosome.
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What happens in the 2nd meiotic division of Germ cells?
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involved separation of Chromotids in each chromosome ( ALIKE mitosis)
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What is the end result of Meiosis?
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4 daughter cell.
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What is each daughter cell of meiosis?
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1. 1n DNA
2. 23 chromosomes. |
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What is at Fertilization?
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At Fertilization: somatic number of chromsomes is restored.
Fusion of 2 germ cells -zygote: 1. 2n DNA. 2. 46 chromosomes. |
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Where does the paring of homologous chromosome occur?
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in Prophase of Meiosis 1.
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Where does the crossing over of segment occur during Meiosis?
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in Prophase 1 of Meiosis.
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What cell is at the end of Prophase 1?
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1. 4n DNA
2. 46 chromsome (2 chromatids). |
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What is at the end of Metaphase 1?
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1. 2n DNA
2. 23 chromosomes. |
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How many S phases are in Meiosis?
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Only One S phase in Meiosis 1.
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What are the phases in Prophase 1 of Meiosis?
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5 phases in Prophase 1:
1. Leptotene 2. Zygotene 3. Pachytene 4. Diplotene 5. Diakinesis |
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What is Leptotene?
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1. condensation of chromatin
2. sister chromatids become connected by meiosis--specific cohesion complexes (Rec8p) 3. and Pairing of homologous chromosome is initiated. |
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What is zygotene in Prophase 1 of Meiosis?
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1. Homologous chromosome come together and it continues in pachytene.
2. Synapsis involves formation of a synaptonemal complex. 3. They form a tetrad. |
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What is Pachytene?
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Crossing-over of different chromatids.
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What is Diplotene?
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1. Homologous chromosome starts to SEPARATE from each other ( DISJUNCTION).
2. Chiasmata appears (junction between chromasome). |
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What is Diakinesis?
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Nucleolus disappears and nuclear membrane disintegrates.
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What are the 4 significance of meiosis?
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1. Provide for constancy of chromosome number for each generation.
2. Allow independent assortment of maternal and paternal chromosomes. 3. Allows for crossing over of genes--'shuffling' of genes. 4. Disturbances (like Non-disjunction) can occur during this process. |
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What is polyploidy?
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multiples of haploid number of chromsome (69, 92,..ect)
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What is a significant cause of Polyploidy?
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significant cause of Spontaneous abortion
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what is the most common polyploidy?
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Triploidy (69 chromosomes)
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What is Spermatogenesis?
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Formation of Spermatozoa
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How does spermatogenesis occur?
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This process of transformation from spermatogonia to Spermatozoa.
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When does spermatogenesis start?
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At puberty (13 to 16 yrs)
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How long does spermatogenesis last?
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About 74 days for the entire process.
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What are the 3 phases of Spermatogenesis?
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1. Spermatogonial phase.
2. Spermatocyte phase. 3. Spermiogenesis phase. |
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What is the 1st phase of Spermatogenesis?
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Spermatogonial phase
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What is the 2nd phase of spermatogenesis?
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Spermatocyte phase
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What is the last phase of spermatogenesis?
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Spermiogenesis phase.
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What is Spermatogonial phase?
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Spermatogonia differentiate into Primary Spermatocytes.
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How does spermatogonia differentiate into Primary spermatocyte?
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Through mitosis
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What is spermatocyte?
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Cell undergoes Meiosis to reduce chromosome number and the amount of DNA.
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What is spermiogenesis?
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Spermatids differentiate into spermatozoa.
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What are the DNA number and chromosome number in stem cells?
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1. 2n DNA
2. 46 chromosomes |
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DNA and chromosome in progenior cells?
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1. 2n DNA
2. 46 chromosomes. |
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What is Primary Spermatocytes?
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1. 4n DNA
2. 46 chromosomes (2 chromatids) |
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What is secondary spermatocyte (DNA and chromasomes) ?
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1. 2n DNA
2. 23 chromosomes. |
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DNA and chromosome numbers in Spermatids?
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1. 1n DNA
2. 23 chromosomes. |
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What is Oogenesis?
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Formation of Ova
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When does mitosis occur in oogenesis?
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In early FETAL life oogonia (primitive germ cells undergoes MITOSIS)
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When are ALL Primary Oocyte within Primordial follicles?
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With 7 months of fetal life
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When does Meiosis 1 occur in oogenesis?
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Before birth
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How does Meiosis 1 occur?
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ALL Primordial follicles enter 1st stage of Meiosis 1 and are arrested at the DIPLOTENE stage of Meiosis 1.
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How are the primordial follicles arrested at the meiosis 1?
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They are arrested by OMI ( oocyte maturation inhibitor).
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What produce OMI (oocyte maturation inhibitor)?
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The Follicular (squamous) cells of Primordial Follicles.
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What happens at 5th month of fetal life in oogenesis?
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1. 7 million oogonia.
2. Atresia begins for both oogonia and primary oocytes. |
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How many are found at birth in oogenesis?
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600,000 to 2 million (all are primary oocytes , no more oogonia)
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How many are found at puberty in oogenesis?
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400,000 primary oocytes.
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How many eggs will ovulate during female reproductive cycle?
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Only about 400 to 500 eggs.
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What are primordial follicles?
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Compose of primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of Folliclar cell.
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What kind of oocyte is being released during Oocyte transport?
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Secondary oocyte with:
1. zona pellucida 2. corona radiata |
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Where does the fertilization occur?
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Ampullary region of Fallopian tube (1/3 outer part).
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How does fertilization occur?
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1. Released secondary oocyte with zona pellucida and corona radiata is picked up by infundibulum of Uterine (Fallopian) tube.
2. Usual site of fertilization is in the Ampullary region of Fallopian tube (1/3 outer part). 3. Cilia lining tube and muscular contaraction aid in movement of oocyte. |
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What aid in movement of oocyte?
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1. cilia lining tube.
2. muscular contration of tube |
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What occur in Sperm transport?
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1. 200 to 600 million sperms are deposited at EXternal OS of cervix.
2. About 300 to 500 sperms reach site of fertilization. |
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What is the viability of gamates (oocytes)?
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24 hours for Oocytes.
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What is the viability of gamates (sperms)?
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48 hours
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What are the 3 layers of Primodial follicle?
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1. oocyte
2. Follicular cell 3. Stromal cells |
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what epithelium is the follicualr cell?
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Simple squamous epithelium
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what is stromal cell?
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CT
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How many type are there in Primary follicle?
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1. Unilaminar
2. multilaminar |
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What is the unilaminar composed of?
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1. Zona pellucida forming
2. Fillicular cell 3. Basal lamina |
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What kind of epithelium of follicular cell is in Unilaminar primary follicle?
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Simple cuboital or columnar epithelium.
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What are the multilamnar primary follicle composed of?
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1. clear Zona pellucida
2. Granulosa cells 3. Theca Folliculi |
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What are the granulosa cells?
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The stratified layer of Follicular cells.
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What are theca Folliculi?
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Stromal cells are in arrangement.
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What is Antral follicle?
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The secondary oocyte
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What are the 4 main components of Antral follicle (secondary)?
inside out |
1. Antrum
2. Granulosa cells 3. Theca interna 4. Theca externa |
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What is antrum?
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the radom space within granulosa cells
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What is theca interna?
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1. Highly vasculalized cell
2. Steroid secreting cells |
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What is theca externa?
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Protein secreting cells
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What is mature follicle?
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Graalian Follicle
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What are the 6 main components of Mature follicle?
inside out |
1. antrum ( all space together)
2. CORONA RADIATA 3. Cumulus oophorus 4. Granulosa cells 5. Theca interna 6. Theca externa |
