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23 Cards in this Set
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What was the social position of upper class women in the 1890s? |
-seen but not heard - needed chaperones - well educated with private tutor (governess)/private girl's school - taught subjects to make them good companions for rich husbands - music, singing, art, administration of the house and household servants - go go to university but after studying for 3 years did not receive degree |
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What was the social position of middle class women in the 1890s? |
- many had the opportunity to go to state provided schools and the richer ones may have gone to girls grammar schools or even top private schools - lessons focused on 'feminine' subjects - music, art, needle craft or practical tasks such as typing, secretarial skills and household tasks - many found employment in newer types of secretarial work or as private tutors (governesses) or teachers |
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What was the social position of working class women in the 1890s? |
- had to work but paid much less than male workers in factories - caused resentment in male factory workers as they would lose out on jobs to cheaper women - many worked as 'domestic servants' - cooks, housemaids, cleaners - sound better than working in a dangerous, dirty factory but could involve 20 hour days - setting fires at 4am before the family woke up and cleaning up after dinner until 12am - little or no education past the age of 8-9 years old |
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What had changed for women by 1900? |
- between the ages of 5-10 had to go to school - new jobs available in shops, as typists or on telephone switchboards - london and manchester universities accepted women and oxford and cambridge founded women's colleges - teacher training colleges opened - dresses allowed a more natural figure - nursing jobs available - could become doctors and architects - women could bring divorce cases for cruelty, desertion and bigamy - allowed to keep property after marriage - didn't have to stay in husband's home against their will - could own property after marriage and weren't property of husbands after 1884 - prostitutes no longer blamed for spreading of STIs - Josephine Butler - repeal of the spread of contagious diseases act |
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What hadn't changed for women by 1900? |
- syllabus for girls still included cooking, cleaning, housework etc - women had to leave jobs when married - paid a lot less than men - degrees weren't awarded - not allowed to be lawyers, bankers or in the stock exchange - wife-battering and rape was legal - wives couldn't divorce for adultery unless cruelty could be proven - if a divorce occurred women lost all right to their children |
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Describe the Suffragists: |
- 1897 - NUWSS - Millicent Fawcett (wife of Liberal MP Henry) - women's suffrage through peaceful law-abiding ways - democratic for men and women - letter to PM and MPs, petitions, booklets and pamphlets, Mud March 1907, processions of 300 through London and Hyde Park, speeches, working with the Primrose League (Conservatives) and women's liberal federation (Liberals) - 500,000 members by 1914, over 300 different offices across the country, a lot bigger than the WSPU - supportive of government during war, but kept up political pressure - speaker's conference in 1916 - women's vote by law - "like a glacier; slow-moving but unstoppable" (Millicent Fawcett) |
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Strengths of the Suffragists: |
- huge popularity - supported any MP who supported women's suffrage - postive links to Liberal party and government (PM Asquith still meeting with them in 1914) - made changes in education and changing public attitude to women and the vote through posters and marches - RESPECTABLE and RESPONSIBLE face of women getting the vote - political pressure during the war when the WSPU had stopped campaigning |
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Weaknesses of Suffragists: |
- too friendly with Liberal party and government and didn't pressure them enough - easy to ignore after a while - not newsworthy - not as popular as the Anti -Suffrage League - MPs though that the socia reforms e.g. Children's Charter would keep them happy - no political success for 21 years before 1918 |
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Describe the Suffragettes: |
- 1903 - Emmeline Pankhurst - daughters Christabel and Sylvia - aimed to achieve vote by action - militancy - and after 1908 - violence - autocratic society - dictatorship - run by one person/family - WOMEN ONLY - 3000 members by 1914 - stopped all campaigning in 1914 to help war effort - motto - DEEDS NOT WORDS |
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What were the methods of the Suffragettes (dates as well)? |
- 1906 - Heckling, getting arrested for disturbing meetings - 1908 - window smashing, chaining ro railings of town halls, downing street, buckingham palace - 1909 - Hunger Strikes - 1910 - 300 Storming parliament after cancellation of first Conciliation Bill - passed by house of commons but stopped by Asquith - sexually and physically assaulted by police, Vandalism - painting votes for women on churches, burning into golf courses with acid - 1912 - damage to public and private property, fire-bombing - scout huts, churches and Lloyd George's summer house, Mary Leigh threw an axe at Asquith - 1913 - Emily davison - 1914 - vandalism of public art |
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Strengths of Suffragettes: |
- made liberal government ttake notice of them at a time when busy doing other things e.g. Liberal Reforms, causes of WW1, ireland conflict - impossible to ignore - kept it in the media - by keepign public attention on the issue helped NUWSS gain members (indirectly) - their war work changed attitudes of Asquith and many Conservative lords who hated the violence but admired the war work |
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Weaknesses of Suffragettes: |
- little public popularity - made women look hysterical, crazy, irresponsible - turned liberal party and government away from supporting women's suffrage by 1913 - fire-bombed Lloyd George's house in 1912 - lots of publicity but bad publicity - 1913 derby - IRRESPONSIBLE face of women getting the vote - no political campaigning during the war - government couldn't be seen to be giving in to violent protests as it would severly damage their reputation in dealing with other problems-irish terrorism in ireland, germany and build-up to WW1 |
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Arguments for women getting the vote: |
- parliament's decisions affect both men and women - should be able to vote for the MPs who pass those laws - many single women and widows who bear the same responsibility as men - spiritual spine of the nation - would vote for christian leadership - increasing opportunities in education and work - vote should come next - pay taxes just like men - uneducated men can vote whilst educated women can't |
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Arguments against women getting the vote: |
- men and women have different responsibilities-women are home-makers and mothers but men are debaters and decision-makers - women are not rational - too emotional to vote - women are pure and should be protected from the grubby world of politics - respectable women with the vote would want to develop their careers and neglect their family duties - only undesirable classes will have children - giving the vote to women would mean giving it to all the men - including layabouts etc - women don't fight in wars for their country so shouldn't have a say in whether the country should go to war |
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What was the role of women in the war in terms of recruiting the men? |
- the order of the white feather - women gave men white feathers for cowardice to make them join up to fight - MU published posters to enourage sons to join up - female members of the active service league took an oath to persuade men to fight |
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What were women's job opportunities during the war? |
- over 2.5 million joined the war effort and worked - early 1916 britain had too few workers so women were employed as clerks and by the end of the war 500,000 had replaced men in office jobs - employers were reluctant to take on women, unions resisted them because of lower wages - 1916 - huge shortage of engineers - munitions and men needed at the front - government set example and employed in munitions factories - 800,000 by the end of the war nicknamed 'Munitionettes' or 'Canaries' - accidents in munitions factories - 1917 Silvertown - working in munitions factories caused breathing difficulties, rashes, yellow skin, blood poisoning and even brain damage - worked as bus conductors, postal workers, farm labourers, coal deliverers - 1.6 million did extra war work - became grave diggers, road layers, welders, steel workers and bus drivers (mechanics) - Women's volunteer police service in most cities - 260,000 in women's land army - 1918 - women's army auxiliary corps - women nurses on the front line - 195,000 replaced men in metals - 35,000 in chemicals - 60,000 in food and drink - 23,000 in timber - 42,000 in transport - 197,000 in the government
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What evidence is there to suggest that the war got women the vote? |
- changed opinion of former opponents e.g. Asquith and Conservative Lords - everyone talked about 'victory for heroes and heroines' at the end of the war - made the former hated and violent suffragettes look responsible, cooperative and trustworthy - women immediately got the vote in 1918 and not before 1914 - war work of women was heroic - munitions factories were dangerous, explosions, turned skin yellow - army and navy volunteers (FANY's and WREN's) - vote was the reward for such work |
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What evidence is there to suggest that the war did not get women the vote? |
- only married women over 30 with property could vote but all men over 21 could - NOT EQUAL - women who did the war work didn't get the vote - most factory women in WW1 were single and under 30 and working class (no money to own property) - many suffragettes were single - revenge fir violence - war delayed women getting the vote for 4 years, the government might have caved in uner pressure in 1914 as Asquith had a meeting with the Suffragists - government only gave it them because it looked more positive in 1918 than in 1914 - looked strong and rewarding - Conservatives only let women have the vote because because rich, married, older women would vote for them so balanve out the returning soldiers who were labour supporters - no change in social attitudes to women - most jobs they did in the war were given back to men in 1918 though some became permanently female e.g. secretaries and bank clerks |
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How many meetings did the suffragists have in 1914? |
over 400 |
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Who politically supported the suffragists? |
- back bench liberals but not leaders - mainly middle class, but working class support in the north e.g. bolton and blackburn |
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Who, in the classes, supported the suffragettes? |
- after 1906 working class support dropped and the head office moved to london from manchester - after 1906 it recruited mainly upper and middle class women |
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What happened to Christabel Pankhurst in 1905? |
- attended and heckled a liberal party meeting - arrested and spat at a policeman - found guilty for assault on a policeman and imprisoned for 7 days - when released from prison a crowd of 2000 had gathered |
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What was passed in 1913? |
- the cat and mouse act - when suffragettes went on hunger strikes in prison and became ill they would be released until they had recovered, and then imprisoned once again - this went on in a continual cycle and was introduced by the government to stop people feeling sorry for the suffragettes because of force-feeding |
