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43 Cards in this Set
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Mass Production 1908, a Ford car = $850 1926, an improved version of the same car = $300 |
Mass Production 1915 = 1million cars in the US 1939 = 28million |
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Mass Production 1929- over 4million workers depended on the car industry |
Mass Production Hire Purchase Schemes: people could pay a small amount of the overall cost and get the product, and then pay off the full amount over time |
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Advertisement "It is the most powerful influence in adapting and changing the habits and way of life." - President Coolidge |
Advertisement 1918, American firms pent $58.5million on advertising in magazines 1920 = $129.5million 1929 = $200million |
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Advertisement People studied psychology to determine methods most likely to influence people to buy. |
Advertisement J Walter Thompson: "The average American consumer has the mind of a 14 year old human animal." |
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Advertisement 1921, Lambert Company used a word which 'sounded rather serious,' "halitosis" for bad breath in a Listerine mouthwash commercial - so successful that within 6 years, sales rose from 100,000 to 4million a year. |
Advertisement 90% of goods were bought by women - adverts targeted women |
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Advertisement 1925, 2,700,000 families had a radio - first radio advert in 1922 - first radio jingle in 1926 |
Unemployment 1926-1928, unemployment rose from 880,000 to 2,080,000. |
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Prohibition January 1919, the 18th Amendment - banned the ale and transport of alcohol |
Prohibition Who was against alcohol? - highly religious immigrants - Women's Christian Temperance Union - Anti-Saloon League |
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Prohibition WW1 contributed to the need for prohibition as the growth of barley was unnecessary compared to the growth of food to feed America, American troops and most of Europe. 1918, nearly 75% of Americans were 'dry' |
Bootlegging John Kramer- first Prohibition Commissioner - he got given $2.2million to enforce prohibition - by 1926, this amount rose to $10million |
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Bootlegging 1928, there were rumoured to be at least 30,000 speakeasies in New York alone. |
Bootlegging 1929, the new Prohibition Commissioner, James Doran, told Congress he would need $300million to enforce prohibition - he was given $12million. |
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Bootlegging 1921-1924, 6904 cases were brought before the New York's Grand Jury - 6074 cases were dismissed - 20 were convicted |
Prohibition Judge Alfred J Talley said that prohibition had made America, "the most lawless country on the face of the Earth." |
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Bootlegging Judge Talley asked the Grand Jurors to explain why no one was being convicted for breaking the 18th Amendment. - the Jury said, "The men tell me that they will not convict men for offences which they themselves are committing." |
Prohibition 1920 drinking offences in Philadelphia: 14,313 drunks 33 alcoholics 6097 disorderly conducts 20,443 total arrests |
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Prohibition 1925 drinking offences in Philadelphia: 51,361 drunks 820 drunken drivers 814 alcoholics 5522 disorderly conducts 58,517 total arrests |
Gangsters Al Capone- controlled Chicago - late 1920's, he is thought to have made between $60 and $100million a year from the beer trade |
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Gangsters Al Capone employed 1000 men as his own private army which controlled his business. - a 'racket' was a type of blackmail where the gangsters would threaten to smash up the businesses of those who refused to pay 'protection money.' |
Gangsters 1929, Saint Valentine's Day Massacre - retaliation to Moran killing one of Capone's friends - the gang of Bugs Moran was murdered at their meeting place - Moran survived because he was a few minutes late - nobody was convicted |
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Gangsters 1931, a Treasury agent infiltrated Al Capone's gang and managed to arrest Capone for tax evasion. |
End of Prohibition The Voluntary Committee of Lawyers claimed that prohibition was against the American Constitution as it threatened the American people's freedom. |
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End of Prohibition The American Federation of Labour felt that people were entitled to a drink after work - their motto was "No beer, no work." |
End of Prohibition 1929, Pauline Sabin founded the Women's Organisation for National Prohibition Reform - alcohol was popular for parties of the richer class - 1932, there were 1million members. |
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End of Prohibition 1918, W H Stayton founded the association Against the Prohibition Amendment (AAPA) - they backed 'wet' candidates for political jobs - advertised ideas in newspapers and magazines - criticised opposition (Anti-Saloon League) - produced propaganda blaming prohibition for social problems |
End of Prohibition -many ordinary people were against prohibition because it turned decent, hardworking people into law breakers |
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End of Prohibition 1929, Hoover set up the Wickerhsam Commission to look at the law - the report confirmed in 1931 that prohibition did not work - 1932, FDR won the election and by 1933, the law was abolished |
After Prohibition - number of Speakeasies in New York fell from 32,000 in 1929 to 9000 in 1933 - the public turned on gangsters as they were no longer needed to smuggle bootleg across the borders |
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Entertainment (Sport) - radio coverage helped to increase the popularity of certain sports, especially baseball and horse riding - better transport and more leisure times made sport more accessible - betting industry boomed - more people played sports themselves (golf and tennis courts became 'fashionable' for the rich) |
Entertainment (Movies) 1922, cinemas made $4million a week in total - movies influenced everyday life (fashionable clothes, homes, cars) |
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Entertainment (Movies) Movie stars with a large fanbase were paid lots of money -1916, Mary Pickford's weekly wage was over $10,000 when the national average weekly wage was $13 |
Entertainment (Movies) Movies became very competitive as the standard grew -1927, the 'talkies' arrived (films with sound) - these 'talkies' ruined some actors' careers (such as John Gilbert) because their voices did not match their appeal -1930, 100million Americans went to the movies every week |
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The Jazz Age With roots in black culture, jazz music spread with the migration of black people from the south to the north. -1920's, it became a big craze and was played in nightclubs - wild dances like the Charleston were invented |
The Jazz Age Jazz symbolised the 'new, free age.' - but it was also seen as immoral and a sin because of its potentially promiscuous nature |
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Immoral Entertainment Some people thought that films were immoral and sinful - they showed women smoking and drinking and kissing - people were scared women would start copying this behaviour |
Immoral Entertainment Movies had no censorship and people thought that there should be a set of publishing rules on what films could and could not include - March 1930, the Hays Code was published - "No picture shall be produced that will lower the moral standards of those who see it." |
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Women The war gave women independence as they had to do the work of the men (for lower wages) - 1918, President Wilson said, "We have made partners of the women in this war. Shall we allow them only a partnership of suffering and toil, and not a partnership of privilege and right?" |
Women 18th August 1920, 19th Amendment- gave women equal suffrage |
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Women Independent women who did not conform to the conventional image of women were called 'Flappers.' - they did not wear traditional underclothes or corsets so their bodies were very evident - they cut their hair into a bob - they wore lots of makeup - smoked and drank |
Women Anti Flirt Association were against Flappers and their independence as it opposed the traditional role of women. |
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Women 1920-29, the number of working women increased by 25% - many became secretaries and teachers |
Women After getting the vote, Women's groups also campaigned successfully for: - Maternity and Infancy Protection Act (1921) - Child Labour Amendment (1925) |
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KKK One of the most obvious forms of intolerance and racism in America - found mainly in the southern states where there was a large population of black people and a history of oppression of blacks. |
KKK 1920's, membership of the KKK grew from 100,000 people in 1920 to 5 million in 1925 - November 1922, Hiram W Evans became the Imperial Wizard and helped to boost popularity and get the KKK some influence in politics. |
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KKK 'The Birth of a Nation'- a propaganda film about the KKK which contributed to the reformation of the Klan in 1915 by William J Simmons. |
KKK Originally formed in Tennessee in 1865 after the abolition of slavery and Black Americans were guaranteed their civil rights by the 14th and 15th Amendment. 14th= equality 15th= right to vote - the Southern states ignored these laws and continued to treat black people as second-rate citizens. |
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KKK Reformed in Georgia in 1915 in response to mass immigration and the migration of black people to the cities. - especially big in Oregon and Oklahoma |
KKK 1919-1929, there were about 357 lynchings of black Americans - originally the KKK was made of poor white workers who felt their jobs/job prospects were threatened by black people and immigrants who were willing to work for lower wages. |
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Jim Crow Laws -laws which enforced segregation South: - black people had to use worse facilities - state gave black schools less funding - quality of education was less - were threatened into not voting (or given harder reading tests to be disqualified) |
Jim Crow Laws North: - had no segregation laws but black people lived in the worst parts of town - 1920, the black population of Harlem in New York= 33% - 1930= 70% |
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Monkey Trial Charles Darwin published a book called 'The Origin of Species' in 1859 - America in the 20's did not like the theory of evolution- it clashed with the bible's creation theory - evolution= no God and many Americans were highly religious |
Monkey Trial Fundamentalists- people who believe in the stories of the bible vs Scientists- people who believe in the theory of evolution |
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Monkey Trial 1925, The Butler Act was passed in 6 states, including Tennessee: - made the teaching of the evolution theory illegal in schools - because of a campaign led by William Jennings Bryan (a conservative politician) |
Monkey Trial John Scope and the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) were against the law - Scopes was a biology teacher in Tennessee who taught the theory of evolution to prove a point - he was arrested and taken to court |
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Monkey Trial Mass production=lots of radios - the case was broadcast live in Chicago - on the first day, 1000 people crammed into the courtroom to watch (300 had to stand) |
Monkey Trial Scopes' lawyer= Clarence Darrow Fundamentalists'= William Jennings Bryan - Darrow ridiculed Bryan by reading him out parts of the bible, and asking him if he believed them to be true |
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Monkey Trial The Judge dismissed all evidence and witnesses, claiming it was simple: Did Scopes break the law? Yes. So he was guilty. - although the ACLU lost the case but won the public and media - the law was only abolished in 1967 |
Depression September 1929: -some people worried about the stock market and began to sell their shares -once they started selling their shares, everyone started to panic and sell their shares in a frenzy - the prices therefore dropped |
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Depression October 1929: 24th October= Black Thursday- when people started selling their shares at huge losses -normally, the stock market saw 4-5million shares passing hands -Black Thursday= 13million shares changed hands |
Depression A group of bankers agreed on a plan to calm things down - they bought $250million worth of shares ^it did not stop the panic, but it did slow it down |
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Depression Monday 28th October: - about 9 million shares were traded - people and banks lost thousands of millions of dollars |
Depression Banks: -many banks didn't have enough money to supply everyone's savings as they had been using people's savings to buy shares themselves - the banks went bankrupt - 1933, over 5000 banks closed - Bank of New York, 400,000 lost their savings - this led to widescale unemployment |
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Businesses When banks asked for people to repay their loans, businesses went bankrupt because they were unable to do so - the banks could not support businesses so a lot of factories were forced to close - people could not buy goods, so the amount of goods produced fell, as did the workers needed. |
US Citizens -lost their savings -lost their jobs -lost their homes -lost their possessions (goods bought on the Hire Purchase Scheme as they could not afford to keep up with payments) |
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Hoover 1929, the Federal Farm Board- bought surplus grain and cotton from farmers and stored it for later re-sale or burnt it - he didn't want the unemployed to be lazy and believed in rugged individualism and laissez faire |
Hoover 1929, cut taxes - people would have more money to spend - put more money into government building projects=created more jobs |
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Hoover President's Emergency Committee for Employment (PECE) which encouraged local initiatives - organised campaigners to collect money for the unemployed and persuaded businesses not to cut workface -1931, PECE became a permanent organisation renamed the President's Organisation for Unemployment Relief (POUR) |
Unemployment 40million people (out of American's 120million population) were unemployed/knew someone unemployed. |
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Unemployment 120,000 out of New England's 280,000 textile workers lost their jobs in the early 1930's. people couldn't afford to buy coal to keep warm - thousands of coal miners had to leave their jobs when price of coal fell - some miners had no food so their children ate weeds |
Unemployment -rich people, like Al Capone, set up soup kitchens - some charities gave small amounts of money to 'needy' families |
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Unemployment The government set up its own relief in 1932: -they were swamped with requests for help and so had very strict rules: - social workers checked the value of people's belongings to see whether they could sell anything for money - children were weighed to see if they were starving enough to be fed |
Unemployment Bread queues- set up - could be 10,000 men long 1932, the YMCA in New York was giving away 12,000 free meals a day |
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Unemployment 1929- unemployment rate= 3% (1.6million) 1933= 25% (14million) -Chicago- 50% of labour force was unemployed |
Homelessness 1932- 250,000 lost their homes |
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Homelessness People lost homes- couldn't afford to pay mortgage/rent - lived in 'Hoovervilles' - POUR only spent charity money, not the government money which made Hoover very unpopular |
Farmers Hoover told farmers to grow less crops to help with overproduction -people were starving in the cities so this angered them more |
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Banks 1931, Hoover set up the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to lend the banks money to recover |
Dust Bowl Overproduction= the soil was dry and overused 1920's= rained more than usual 1931= drought - black blizzards: 1932- 14 1933- 38 |
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Hobos Men who left their homes in search of work - estimated 1-2million hobos in early 1930's |
Farmers 1932, 1 in every 20 farmers were evicted for failure to make mortgage/rent payments |
