History Unit Exam

Front 1

Why Study Funeral Service History?

Back 1

-How did we get here as a profession, belief systen

- According to Jewish tradition, the ultimate act of grace is burial of the dead.

- According to Catholic Tradition- corporal act of mercy

Front 2

Funeral Service has pagan roots in?

Back 2

Egyptian, Roman, and Greek

Front 3

Evisceration Age

Back 3

Ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome

(3200BC - 650 AD)

Front 4

Evisceration

Back 4

Taking out viscera and surface embalming wrapping body

Front 5

Period of Anatomists

Back 5

Expeirmation

-Middle Ages, Renaissances

(650 AD-1861AD) Pre Civil War

Front 6

Modern Era

Back 6

The modern era pre/post Civil War through Present

(1861 - Now)

Front 7

Ancient Egypt

Back 7

-Flourished culture among Nile Delta

-Polytheistic religion base

-Set chaste system based on economics(ranking)

Front 8

Polytheistic

Back 8

Believing in many God's

Front 9

Ra

Back 9

Egyptian Sun God

Front 10

Pharaoh

Back 10

Egyptian earthly representation of the Sun God

Front 11

Egyptians Believed

Back 11

The sun was the center of the Universe to which all things were born and returned

Front 12

Egyptian Myth

Back 12

Ra disappeared each evening in the west fought his way through the underworld. in the morning he was reborn as a scarab beetle

Front 13

Scarab Beetles

Back 13

Represented rebirth and a symbol of eternal life

Front 14

Osiris

Back 14

Egyptian God of the Underwood - Judge of the Dead

Front 15

Horus

Back 15

God of the Sky Egyptian

Front 16

Anubis

Back 16

God of the Death/ Embalming

Front 17

Ament

Back 17

Beast; Devours Hearts

Front 18

Complex Elements Reassembled

Back 18

the soul has to be immortitized by being brought back to body

Front 19

Ba

Back 19

Egyptian Soul

Front 20

Yakhu

Back 20

Egyptian Shining one

Front 21

Ka

Back 21

Egyptian Spirit

Front 22

Circle of Necessity

Back 22

Keeping elements of the body in tact, if the body was in tact the soul was in tact.

Front 23

Herodotus

Back 23

Greek Philosopher gave the best know account for egyptian embalming practice

- based on economic statues

Front 24

High End

Back 24

Wealthy Citizens, Royalty

- removal of the brain, evisceration, use of canopic jars, natron, spices, wrapping, restorative art

Front 25

Mid Range

Back 25

Skilled, Artisan

- covering with Natron, injection of cedar oil

- removal of Natron

Front 26

Low End

Back 26

Peasants

- soda solution, dry burial in pitch

Front 27

What organs were kept in the canopic jars

Back 27

Stomach, liver, lungs, intestines

Front 28

Kherheb

Back 28

Priest in Egyptian

Front 29

Cortege

Back 29

Funeral Procession Oxen or Men

Front 30

Zeus

Back 30

Greek supreme God

Front 31

Hera

Back 31

Greek; Zeus's jealous Wife

Front 32

Hades

Back 32

Greek; the god of the dead, and the underwood

Front 33

Rhadamanthus

Back 33

Greek; judge of the dead

Front 34

Hermes

Back 34

Greek; Messengers

Paid him with coins, honey cake to not deliver to hades

Front 35

Cult of Dionysuis

Back 35

Mystcial Union with god, partying, drinking, orgy.

Front 36

Who prepared int funeral in Greece?

Back 36

Female Family members and children

Front 37

Sumptuary Laws

Back 37

Keep funerals simple no need for extravagant clothing. simple

Front 38

Stelae

Back 38

Greek Tomb

- shafts, below, or at ground level

Front 39

Kiones

Back 39

Greek Tombs

-Columns

Front 40

Trapezae

Back 40

Greek Tombs

-Square cut tombs

Front 41

Naidia

Back 41

Greek Tomb

- temple like building

Front 42

Age of Rome

Back 42

-753-476 AD

- First secular society

- cruel

Front 43

Who adopted Christianity in Rome?

Back 43

Constantine

Front 44

Roman Embalming Practice

Back 44

- Little Embalming, cremains began, body was washed with warm water, white toga, door badge of door, burial outside of city walls

Front 45

Libitina

Back 45

Roman; the goddness of corpses and funerals

Front 46

Libitnarius

Back 46

Roman; equivalent of the head undertaker

Front 47

Pollinctores

Back 47

Roman Embalmers

Front 48

Designator

Back 48

Roman; master of ceremonies and directors of funeral Procession; told people about funeral

Front 49

Praeco

Back 49

Roman Death Crier

Front 50

Funeralis

Back 50

Torchlight procession

Front 51

Dirges

Back 51

Sad Music

Front 52

Conclamatio mortis

Back 52

Calling out for the dead

Front 53

Jessica Mitford

Back 53

Writes "the American Way of Death" in 1963 criticizing American Death Practice

Front 54

Assassination of JFL

Back 54

35th President of United States, Procession from Dallas aboard on Air Force One

Personal for most people

Front 55

Cremation in 1963

Back 55

the catholic church lifts ban on cremation,

Front 56

What private college became regionally accredited>

Back 56

In 1986 CCMS

Front 57

Who founded CCMS in 1882?

Back 57

Henry Clark

Front 58

Associations in the Funeral Business

Back 58

-Provide information and assistance

-code of ethics

- communication within the trade

- professional standards

Front 59

Who Created NFDA

Back 59

Allen Durfree

Front 60

Beir

Back 60

handstretcher in which bearers carried the casket

Front 61

Bearers

Back 61

Carried the casket

Front 62

Hearses and Horses

Back 62

Crane & Breed, Cincinnati Ohio

First gas powered hearse

Front 63

Corpse Cooling Boards

Back 63

Created by Fredrick and Trump

- Could be reused

- kept face and hands preserved for viewing

Front 64

Father Of American Embalming

Civil War Embalmer

Back 64

Dr. Thomas Holmes

Front 65

Who discovered formaldehyde

Back 65

Buterlov and Hoftman in 1859

Front 66

Who invented the gravity injector

Back 66

J. Anthony Gaussardia

Front 67

Who created the trocar?

Back 67

Samual Rogers patent in 1878 allowing for cavity embalming

Front 68

When was the Civil War?

Back 68

1861-65

Front 69

What was the main even during the civil war that changed embalming/ funeral business/

Back 69

The families wanted their war veterans sent home for proper burial

President assassination he was embalmed.

Front 70

War Department Order #75

Back 70

To ensure all casualites during wartime were provided a decent burial

Front 71

War Order #33

Back 71

Number of casualites increased and needed space for veterans to be buried

Front 72

General Order #39

Back 72

Concerning Embalmers

Stpop battlefield abuse, set regulations for cost, training and qualifications of Embalmers, ID tags

Front 73

Death of Lincoln

Back 73

1865

Front 74

How many stops did Lincoln funeral procession take>

Back 74

445 Stops

Front 75

Who embalmed Lincoln's body?

Back 75

Dr. Charles Brown and Dr. Harry Cattell through the femoral artery

Front 76

Where in Lincolns final resting place>

Back 76

After 44 days, Final resting place was Oak Ridge Cemetery, Illinois

Front 77

Joel Crandall

Back 77

(1878-1942)
Founded the modern art of demisurgery / restorative art

Front 78

Clarence Strub

Back 78

Principle of Restorative Art

Front 79

G. Joseph Prager

Back 79

Cincinnati facility wrote Manual of Restorative Art with Charles Dhonau

Front 80

Dr. Richard Harlan

Back 80

translated Gannal

Front 81

Dr. Auguste Renouard

Back 81

Published first American Embalming Textbook

Undertakers Manuals 1878

Front 82

Joseph H. Clarke

Back 82

CCMS - Spring 1882

Front 83

A. Johnson Dodge

Back 83

Boston Dodge Chemical Company

Front 84

What was body wrapped in during the 17th and 18th century?

Back 84

Cerecloth

Front 85

Who had the first Metallic coffin>

Back 85

James Gray of Virginia

Front 86

Ogee

Back 86

Square metal container with sealing capabilites "air tight"

Front 87

Style E Casket

Back 87

- President Grant was buried in 1885

- Viewable

- Heavy and expensive

- full glass plate

Front 88

Samual Stein

Back 88

first patent on a cloth covered casket

Front 89

Early Funeral Directing

Back 89

-to provide a set of tasks for the care and disposal of the dead

- takesthe form of service as a business enterprise

Front 90

Free Enterprise

Back 90

The opportunity, based upon the profit motive to create new careers

Front 91

Sexton

Back 91

Keeping records and cemetery

Front 92

Liveryman

Back 92

Transportation keeper of the hacks and carriages

Front 93

Personal Service Providers

Back 93

Laying out the dead, roles of the nurses and midwives

Front 94

Cabinet maker

Back 94

Coffin and merchandise

Front 95

Warburton Act

Back 95

Anatomy act of 1829

- Provided legal means to obtaining cadavers for dissection, checklist and processes

Front 96

Dr. Robert Knox

Back 96

Doctor who traded in Cadavers

Front 97

Burke & Hare

Back 97

Murder for hire,

grave robbers 18th & 19th century

Front 98

Execution of Burke

Back 98

Newgate prison 1829 killed and disected

Front 99

Chadwick's Report

Back 99

Lead to more cremation

Report to cemetery reform

Tried hiding suspicious deaths

Front 100

Edwin Chadwick

Back 100

Researched auspices for Poor Law Commissioners

Front 101

Village of Essex

Back 101

1789 Cemetery Conditions grave recycling

Cholera Outbreak

Old coffins bodies everywhere

Front 102

Reformation led the Church to Criticize

Back 102

-Funeral Customs

-Expense of Funerals

-Behavior of Undertakers

-High Rituals

Front 103

Emergence of the Funeral Undertaker

Back 103

- Advertised 2 points

1. wide range of Goods

2. Protection of the corpse

Front 104

Barber- Surgeons Charter

Back 104

Henry III and Barber Surgeons applied for a new charter october 20 1604

Front 105

Bloodletting

Back 105

Small amounts of blood out for healing purposes

Front 106

Richard Harlan

Back 106

Translated Gannal's work in 1840 in Philadelphia and made embalming instructions in English in the USA

Front 107

Jean Gannal

Back 107

French man, Made embalming available to public in 1834 History of Embalming textbook

Front 108

Jan Swammerdam

Back 108

Embalmed with glass cannula

Front 109

Fredrick Ruysch

Back 109

Practiced Embalming by injecting followed by evisceration

Known as father of Embalming (HUMANS)

Front 110

Dr. William Hunter

Back 110

Scottish Professor first person to adopt arterial injection

Front 111

Who discovered circulation of the blood?

Back 111

William Henry in 1618

Front 112

What was created in 1450?

Back 112

Gutenberg created printing press

Front 113

Father of Anatomy

Back 113

Andreas Vesalius

Front 114

Reformation of the Church

Back 114

Martin Luther 1517 Protestant, Lutheran Doctrine

- Decrease in Burial Clubs

- No incense, mass, candles, and holy water

- rejection of doctrine of purgatory

Front 115

Sin Eater

Back 115

Eating a load of bread and drinking a bowl of beer the ghost would no longer wander

Front 116

Mourning Colors;

Back 116

- White; purity hope of resurrection

- purple; designating death and mourning for royalty/ christian groups

Front 117

Mortuary Fee

Back 117

Soul Shot; paid from estate to ensure soul would go to heaven

Front 118

Catafalque

Back 118

Canopy where body would lay

-Usage of candles and tapers

Front 119

Hebrew Culture

Back 119

Human composed of 2 parts

- body and soul

- soul kept a strong connection with the body when the corpse was hurt the soul suffered

Front 120

Herbrew Burial Customs

Back 120

No embalming, Eyes & mouth closed, anointed with spices and dressed

- the body was shrouded wrapped in lineans

- same day funeral and burial

- Burial without a coffin

- laid in shallow graves to return to the ground

Front 121

Hebrew mourning Customs

Back 121

- Renter the garments, rip clothing, naked.

- Cut off hair, hired mourners

- bare feet

- cutting the flesh

- fasting, no partying

Front 122

K'riah

Back 122

Rending the garmets

Front 123

Shiv'ah

Back 123

7 days of Forma Mourning

Candles represented the spirit

Front 124

Sh'lostim

Back 124

First full month of mourning

Front 125

Yahrtzeit

Back 125

1 year of Anniversary of Death

Front 126

Jewish Funeral prohibited on which

Back 126

Sabbath Saturday