History Unit 7 (Chpt 13) Vocab

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humanism

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an intellectual movement at the heart of the Reniassance that focused on education and the classics

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humanites

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study of subjects such as grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history that were taught in ancient greece and rome

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Petrarch

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a Florentine who lived in the 1300s; was an early renaissance humanist, poet, and scholar

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florence

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a city in the tuscany region of N italy that was the center of the italian renaissance

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patron

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a person who provides financial suppot for the arts

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perspective

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artistic technique used to give paintings and drawings a 3D effect

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Leonardo

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artist. endless curiousity => genious for invention. paintings grip ppl with realism. Mona Lisa and The Last Supper

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Michelangelo

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artist. sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, poet. work reflects life-long spiritual and artistic troubles. marble masterpiece David

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raphael

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admired for artistic talent and gracious nature. own style of painting; mixed christian and classical styles

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Bladassare Castiglione

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describes the manners, skills, learning, and virtues a member of the court should have, in his handbook The Book of the Courtier

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Niccolo Machiavelli

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wrote a guide for rulers on how to gain and maintain power - urged them to be rutheless

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Johann Gutenberg

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of Mainz Germany; printed the first compete edition of the bible using a printing press with movable type – began the printing revolution of Europe

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Flanders

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a region that included parts of present-day northern France, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Thriving center of trade.

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Albrecht Dürer

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German painter; one of the first to be influenced by the Italian Reniassance

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Engraving

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the artist etches a design on a metal plate with acid and then uses the plate to make prints

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Vernacular

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everyday language of ordinary people

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Erasmus

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Dutch preist and humanist born in 1466; one of the most important scholars of the age

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Thomas More

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Erasmus’s friend; English humanist; pressed social reform

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Utopian

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describe any ideal society often with the implication that such a society is ultimately impractical

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Shakespeare

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English poet and playwrite

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sects

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religious groups that had broken away from the church

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henry VIII

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broke from the catholic church b/c he couldn't get an annulment for his marriage from the pope

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mary tudor

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only child of henry and wife catherine. became queen after edward died and returned england to catholic

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thomas cranmer

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archbishop of new english church who annuled henry's marriage to catherine

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elizabeth

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daughter of henry and anne boleyn; became queen after death of mary; created elizabethan settlment

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canonized

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recognised as a saint

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compromise

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acceptable middle ground

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Council of Trent

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created by pope paul III; met off and on for almost 20 years. reaffirmed catholic views - salvation comes through faith and good works & bible is not the only source of truth - established schools forbetter educated clergy to challenge protestants

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Ignatius of Loyola

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spanish knight raised in the crusading tradtion; founded a new religious order, the society of Jesus, or Jesuits

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Teresa of Avila

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born into wealthy spanish family. entered a convent in youth but foun it not strict enough

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ghetto

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separate quarters of the city that Jews were forced to live in

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Nicolaus Copernicus

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polish scholar; published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres proposing a heliocentric model of the universe

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heliocentric

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sun-centered

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Tycho Brahe

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danish astronomer - provided evidence that supported copernicus's theory

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johannes Kepler

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Brahe's assistant; brilliant german astronomer and mathematician; used brahe's data to calculate the orbits of the planets and descovered the world's was an eclipse

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galileo

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assembled and astronomical telescope - foun jupiters 4 moons orbited it as copernicus said the earth moved around the sun. put on trial at Inquisition and threatened with death

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francis bacon

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englishman; one of 2 who developed the scientific method; stressed ecpirimentation and observation

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rene descartes

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frenchman; one of 2 who developed the scientific method; emphasized human reasoning as the best road to understanding. wrote Discourse on Method explaining how he decided to discard all traditional authorities and search for provable knowledge; philosopher - 'i think, therefore i am'

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schientific method

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step-by-step process of discovery

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hypothesis

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possible explination

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robert boyle

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1600s english chemist; refined the alchemists' viw of chemicals as basic building blocks. explained that all matter was composed of tiny particals that behae in knowable ways

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isaac newton

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student in england - devoured the works of the leading scientists. at 34 he formed a brilliant theory to why the planets moved as they did. spent 20 yrs proving the force to be gravity

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gravity

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force that keeps planets in their orbits around the sun

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calculus

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a branch of math partially developed by newton and used to explain his laws

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Indulgences

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lessoning of the time one’s soul would have to spend in purgatory (quicker trip to heaven)

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Martin Luther

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German monk and professor of theology who triggered a revolt against the Catholic Church

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Wittenberg

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a city in N Germany where Luther drew up his 95 theses

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Charles V

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Holy Roman emperor who summoned Luther to diet at the city of Worms; ordered him to give up his beliefs but Luther refused

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Diet

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assembly or legislature

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John Calvin

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Catholic Church reformer who preached predestination and hard work

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Predestination

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the idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation

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Geneva

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Swiss city-state which became a Calvinist theocracy in the 1500s

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Theocracy

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a form of government that’s run by religious leaders