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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was the Mughal dynasty?
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Dominant power in South Asia; peak of power under Emperor Akbar
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Who was Emperor Akbar?
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most powerful of the Mughal emperors; he pursued a policy of toleration towered the Hindu majority and presided over a cosmopolitan court
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What was the Taj Mahal?
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“love poem in marble” built by Akbar’s grandson as a memorial to his wife
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What is Sufism?
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a branch of islam that obeyed Muslim laws of submission, often loyal to personal religious leaders who claimed to have special access to God
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What is Sikhism?
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grew into success after Akbar died and “Divine Faith” disappeared; believed Hinuduism had a core belief in a single God; made Islam and Hinduism compatible; equality of all believers, rejected Hindu caste system
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What was the Grand Canal?
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connected political and military capital Beijing and productive Yangzi River Valley and other fertile rice-producing regions further south
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What was the Examination system?
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Chinese system for choosing officials for positions in the Ming Imperial bureaucracy
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Who was Wanli?
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Emperor who hastened the decline of the Ming dynasty through the lack of attention to policy and the promotion of incompetent officials; led to corruption in government, social rebellions, and misuse of resources
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What was Confucianism?
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Qing officials thought that imposing this ideology would lead to a stable administration
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What was a Queue(Kyoo)?
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distinctive Manchu style for a man to cut his hair in; shaved forehead and a single long braid in the back
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Who was Emperor Kangxi?
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One of the most powerful and long-ruling emperors in Chinese imperial history; he extended Qing empire, expanded the economy, and cultivatd an image as a Confucian scholar; also tried to surpress Ming resistance
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What was the Yangzi River valley?
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area of greatest commercialization in 18th century
Footbinding: practice of binding young girls’ feet tightly in cloth to reshape them into small points |
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What was footbinding?
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practice of binding young girls’ feet tightly in cloth to reshape them into small points
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What was the Tributary system?
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used to organize relations with states and societies outside their direct control; annual tribue missions continued to symbolize subordination of powerful leaders; maintained political autonomy
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What was the treaty of Nerchinsk?
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The first treaty between China and Russia helped set the borders for the two nations.
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What was the Macartney Mission?
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sent by King George III led by Lord George Macartney to negotiate the change of ambassadors, but Qialong refused- he said he didn’t need them
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What happened 50 years after the failed Macartney Mission?
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Britich came to impose their demand by force.
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Who were the Ghaziz?
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horsemen of nomadic origin driven by their zeal to conquer the Xian; were given land grants in conquered territories with responsibilities like collecting taxes; became administrators
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Who were the Janissaries?
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pressured into service and forced to convert to Islam; slave soldiers who were recruited and trained as professional soldiers
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What city did the Catholic Europe and Islamic middle east fight over?
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Constantinople/Istanbul
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Who was Suleyman?
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Ruled 1520-1566 and was a strong military leader who greatly expanded the empire and devised an administrative system; maintained economical and political stability
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What was a Vizier?
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chief advisor to the sultan of the Ottoman empire
-Well-organized and efficient bureaucracy of the Ottomans |
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What was the Devshirme System?
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practice of enslaving Christian boys to work in the army and Ottoman empire
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Summarize the Ottoman Empire
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-Loyalty problems in gov’t
-Meritocracy -Terror + control tactics |
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What was the Millet System?
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ethnic community that were given autonomy over the law
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What was a Tsar?
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derived from caesar; title given to Russian king
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Summarize the Russian Empire
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-Connection with great Christian civilizations (Romans, Byzantines)
-Attempt to be “western” -Create tension with Catholic + Protestant W. Europe -Unify/motivate Russians |
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What was Serfdom?
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peasants worked the land
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Who was Peter the Great?
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powerful Romanov tsar who built new Russian capital, emulated Western advances in military, technology, culture, educational system, and bureaucracies, and extended the Russian empire
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What was St. Petersburg?
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new city on Baltic sea built by Peter; had elegent baroque buildings like those in rome and Vienna
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What was the Habsburg dynasty?
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powerful ruling house and family at the beginning of the 16th century in Spain and the Holy roman Empire; aspired to control a Pan-European Catholic empire, but their failure led to permanent political and religious division of western Europe
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Who was charles V or also known as Charles I?
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was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by defeating the French; meant to recreate Roman unity in europe w/ collaboration with the Catholic church
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What was Protestantism?
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A section of the Church that rebelled againist the principals, doctrines, and corruptions of the church
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Who was Philip II?
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son of Charles V and king of spain; considered himself a defender of Catholicism and launched attacks on Protestants in England and the Netherlands
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Who was John Calvin?
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Protestant theologian whose chruch emphasized the absolute power of God over the weak and sinful; gave rise to Calvanists who constantly warred with Christianity; led to the 1609 treaty
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Summarize Habsburg dynasty?
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-Allowed Dutch East India Company to emerge
-Shows how Philip’s Christian imposition was met by rebellion |
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Who were the Spanish Moriscos?
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converted Catholic inhabitant of Spain and Portugal of Muslim heritage, who were suspected of secretly practicing Islam
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What was the Thirty Years War?
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Series of wars fought by various European powers on German-speaking lands. Started off as a competition between Catholic and Lutheran rulers and was complicated by the dynastic and strategic interests of Europe’s major powers.
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What was the Peace of Westphalia?
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Treaty that recognized the permanent division between Catholic and Protestant Germany.
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Who were the Huguenots?
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French Calvinists who followed John Calvin into exile in Switzerland
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St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre:
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When the French king ordered the assassination of Protestant leaders
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Henry IV
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Protestant king who had to face Catholic armies and a largely hostile Parisian population
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What was the Edict of Nantes?
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The issue granting limited toleration of Protestant worship, although Catholic and Protestant tensions persisted
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Who was Cardinal Richelieu?
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influential advisor to French kings who centralized the administrative system of the French state and positioned the Bourbon rulers of France to replace the Habsburg as the dominant Catholic force in Europe
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Who were the Intendants?
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The royal officials that were sent out to provinces
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Who was Louis XIV?
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Known as the “Sun King,” Louis epitomized royal absolutism and established from control over the French state; Aggressively pursued military domination of Europe while patronizing French arts from his court at Versailles.
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What was the Versailles Palace?
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Louis 14th palace where he would entertain government officials.
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What was Mercantilism?
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Dominant economic theory in 17th and 18th century Europe that emphasized the role of international economics in interstate competition; restrictive tariffs limited imports and protected bullion supplies, and chartered companies maximized revenue from overseas colonies.
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What is Royal Absolutism?
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Absolute monarchy
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Who was Queen Elizabeth?
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The virgin queen of england who deated the Spanish armada and lead to english power over the Spanish.
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Who were the Puritans?
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17th century reformers of the Church of England who attempted to purge the church of Catholic influences; They were calvonists who emphasized Bible reading, simplicity and modesty, and the rejection of priestly authority and elaborate rituals.
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Who was Charles I?
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King of England whose attempts to centralize royal power led to conflict with Parliament, where some members also resented the influence of his Catholic wife; his execution marked the end of the England Civil War
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What was the English Civil War?
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started by Charles I because Parliament wanted to decentralize the Church so Charles I said no so he started this war
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Who was Oliver Cromwell?
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(Strict Puritan) (shut down things like theatres) lead rebellion for puritans in English civil war and then be became lord procotrate and ran a very conservative and strict puritan
This showed that the religion diversity situation was much more complicated then it seemed and led to a consituational monarchy |
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Who was Charles II?
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Son of Charles I, got brought back to rule after Oliver Cromwell
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What was the Glorious Revolution?
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Parliament invited William of Netherlans and Mary to replace
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Who was James II?
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A monarch of England
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What happened after the reformaton?
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Consitiuanal Monarchy
King’s power is limited (Bill of rights: Regular meetings with parliament, freedom of speech, from arbritrary arrest and seizures of property |
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What was the Bill of Rights?
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King William and Queen Mary of England recognized a bill of rights that protected their subjects against arbitrary seizure or person or property and that required annual meeting of Parliame
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