Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What was the federal government's reservation policy for the Indians?
|
-From the 1860's-1880's
-tried to force tribes into reservations in attempts to make them more 'civilized' -The indians were giving assigned parcels of land and promised protection from whites and provided food and clothing. |
|
|
How did the federal government's reservation policy affect the Indians?
|
- Indians become more dependent on the whites for trading.
-They had no say over matters related to their reservations. -Native history was ignored and hostile groups were put in the same reservation causing tension among tribes. |
|
|
What was the Dawes Severalty Act?
|
granted land allotments to individual Indian families-this land was held in a trust by the government for 25 years to prevent selling.
If Indians accepted these terms they were granted citizenship. |
|
|
What were the main goals of the Dawes Severalty Act from the white point of view?
|
-instill the the idea of private property.
-integrate them into larger society. -make the Indians less 'barbaric' but having them attend white boardings schools |
|
|
What was the Timber and Stone Act?
|
-in 1878
-Meant to stimulate settlemant in California, Nevada, Washington, and Oregon. -Sold at a low price, 160 acre lots that were 'unfit for civilization' and were valuable for timber. |
|
|
What were Vaqueros?
|
Indian and Mexican cowboys hired to tend to free-roaming cattle.
-They taught Anglo and African American cowboys roping, branding, horse training, and saddle making. |
|
|
What was open-range ranching?
|
A cattle raiser would buy a few acres near water and then let his cattle roam the surrounding public fields. No one wanted this land due to the lack of water, so the cattle raisers used it for their cattle.
|
|
|
What were Mail-order companies?
|
Companies, such as Montgomery Wards and Sears, that made products and were able to reach most of the farming families. People would write to the company, sharing their personal lives and placing orders.
|
|
|
How did Thomas Edison contribute to the industrial developments in the 1870's?
|
-In 1878 he invented the incandescent light bulb-transforming the way homes and companies worked.
- 1,000 inventions using electricity, to transmit sound, light and images. -virtually began the electrical industry. |
|
|
How did George Westinghouse contribute to the industrial developments in the 1870's?
|
-He made long distance electrical transmissions efficient by useing alternating current and transformers that reduced high voltage power to lower voltage levels
|
|
|
How did Henry Ford contribute to the industrial developments?
|
-was the first to used the gasoline-burning engine to make a vehicle
-utilized the assembly line to make production more efficient and cheaper. |
|
|
What was the assembly line?
|
-a system to make production more efficient and cheaper.
-instead of doing all the tasks each worker is assigned to one task, doing it over and over again. |
|
|
How did the du Ponts contribute to the industrial developments?
|
-They adapted cellulose to make new products like photographic film, rubber, lacquer, textile fibers, and plastics.
-also aided the pharmaceutical industry by researching dyestuffs. |
|
|
How did Fredrick Taylor contribute to the industrial industry in the late 1800's?
|
-made work more efficient and lowered the cost per unit.
-invented 15 different kind of shovels to decrease time of work |
|
|
What were the "iron law of wages"?
|
-said that wage rates be set by the law of supply and demand
|
|
|
What were the Knights of Labor?
|
A union that welcomed unskilled workers, women, immigrants and African Americans. They tried to establish a workers alliance and make a society where laborers worked for themselves not capitalists.
|
|
|
What was the American Federation of Labor?
|
-Emerged from the upheavals from major work organizations
-Accepted the industrial system, but worked to make improvements on conditions. -Avoided the pressing of issues such as higher wages, shorter hours, and the right to bargain. |
|
|
What was the Pullman Strike?
|
Pullman Palace refused to negotiate with workers and cut wages. When workers sent a committee to Pullman to negotiate they were fired. The workers reacted to this by striking and Pullman closed down the railroads.
Strikers gave in within the month. |
|
|
What is the economies of scale?
|
-large factories replacing littler factories by affording to buy complex machines, purchase everything in bulk, and receiving discounts on raw materials.
|
|
|
What was the Haymarket Riot?
|
-In Chicago, labor groups protested police brutality.
-A bomb exploded, killing seven. -Unionists were arrested, but no concrete evidence was ever found. -Brought awareness to the discontent with working conditions. |
|
|
How was the West different from the settled east coast?
|
-large dry plains-infintie room
-deserts, arid weather, less rain -Lack of wooded areas -Fewer large waterways/rivers In general, less vegetation. |
|
|
What were the different 'waves' of people coming to West for?
|
1- Fur Trapers/Traders
2-Miners, in the late 1840's Lumber, mostly in the NW 3-Cowboys and Ranchers, in the 1860's 4-Sheep 5-Farmers that were not as concerned about livestock 6-City folk- businesses, services, towns being created |
|
|
What was the major factor that connected the east to CA?
|
The transcontinental railroad-1869
|
|
|
What were some main attitudes held by the settlers about the West?
|
-unlimited resources
-free, there for their taking -uncivilized, their duty to civilize it -represented new opportunities and dreams. |
|
|
What three things changed how Indians lived in the West?
|
-horses
-guns -disease |
|
|
What did the Indian Removal Policy call for?
|
It forced the Indians to move westward of the Mississippi-1830
-Indians lost ground |
|
|
What effort from 1872-1874 affected the Indians in many ways?
|
the systematic killing of buffalo
|
|
|
How could the Indians losing the West be looked at as inevitable?
|
-Whites has preconceived notions which clashed with the indian's cultures
-Military Power -Disease -Lack of organization between the tribes |
|
|
What were the values, traditions, and lifestyles of the Indians before the Whites intervened?
|
-Warrior culture-huge value placed on fighting and participating in war.
-Buffalo- was the main resource for food, shelter, and clothing -Spiritual and Physical world viewed as one. -History was passed down orally through relatives and through pictures. -History defined them and gave them their identity. |
|
|
Why did disease have such a huge impact on the Indians?
|
-biologically not prepared.
-Lived in such close quarters that it could spread quickly. -Knowledge of disease was limited, many didn't understand that it could spread until it was too late. |
|
|
What were the Comanches' three reasons for going war with other tribes?
|
-stealing horses
-vengeance -war parties |
|
|
why did the competition between Indian tribes grow more fierce?
|
-less resources including buffalo
-more Indians moving onto plains from the east. |
|
|
What are some reasons that treaties didn't work between the Indians and whites?
|
-the government didn't follow through with promises.
-the land barriers were not enforced. Whites came into reservations and used resources. -The whites and Indians communicated in different ways. |
|
|
How were male Comanche Indians' value measured?
|
-By their fighting and war skills and by how many horses theay had stolen.
|
|
|
How did mass transportation change in the 1880-1890's?
|
-1880 Cable cars opened in big cities helping to transport commuters
-1890 electric-powered street cars replaced horse cars and cable cars -underground Subway tunnels helped to avoid traffic -Electric interurban railways linked nearby cities together to help commuters |
|
|
How did mass transportation and the presence of factories transform American cities?
|
-Mass transportation made commuting easier and accessible. Many people moved to suburbs and went into the bigger cities for work.
|
|
|
Where did the majority of immigrants come from in the late 19th century?
|
-all over europe, but an increased number from eastern and southern europe.
-Some from Canada, Mexico, and Japan. -2/3 came from Germany, England, Ireland and Scandinavia in the 1880's -2/3 came from Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Russia between 1900 and 1909 |
|
|
What were tenements?
|
-Large buildings meant to house the overcrowded population in big cities. Safety codes were enforced later on and made landlords measure up to minimal standards.
'model tenements' were created with bigger rooms and facilities, but forced landlords to accept lower profits |
|
|
What was the political machine and how did it work?
|
-organizations whose main goals were the rewards of business-money, power, and status.
-'bosses' would appeal to the imigranstby helping them with everyday problems and in return the immigrants would vote for the bosses. The bosses often used fraud and bribery, but the immigrants were eventually dependent on them for favors. |
|
|
What was A Century of Dishonor?
|
Helen Hunt Jackson's Treatise that was sympathetic towards the Indian's rights and aroused the American conscience.
|
|
|
What was the Battle of Little Big Horn?
|
June 1876-2,500 Lakotas, lead by Rain-in-the-Face, Sitting Bull, and Crazy Horse, surrounded 256 troops lead by Colonel Custer. This was one of the most famous Indian victories.
|
|
|
How did race play a role in timber, mineral and oil civilizations?
|
-the whites separated race into four categories- Indians, Mexican,Mongolians and Negroes to 'control labor and social realtions'.
-whites ran the business and forced all other races to work underneath them |
|
|
What industries emerged in the Post-Construction south?
|
-their two major crops, cotton and tabacco, moved them towards machinery.
-the textile industry grew due to northern capitalists financing factories in the south |
|
|
What were the positive and negative consequences of industrialization for American workers?
|
postitives:
-made clothing and mass produced products available to eveyrone -business owners increased profits due to new machines and higher production rates. negatives: -reduced need for workers due to machines. -working class only worked when they were hired, instead of working year-round -workers no longer picked when they started and ended the day-bosses took charge. |
|
|
How were 'new' immigrants different from 'old' immigrants?
|
-Most didn't speak english
-increased amount from eastern and southern europe. -some had an idea of where to go and how to get there due to relatives already in america. -brought new faiths, jewish and catholic, and came from poverty. |
|
|
What is occupational mobility?
|
the idea that you could gradually move up the employment ladder to increase your salary and status. This was mostly available to white males.
|
|
|
What were ghettos?
|
highly segregated areas or neighborhoods that blacks occupied due to rigid racial discrimination.
|
|
|
Who was Mary Elizabeth Lease?
|
-first woman admitted to the Kansas bar
-spokesperson for the populist party. -part of the farmer's alliance and Women's Christian temperance union -gave over 160 speeches in 1890, topics including prohibition, birth control, and woman suffrage. |
|
|
What were the three phenomena that shaped America in the gilded age?
|
1- special interests
2-accomplishment 3-exclusion |
|
|
Who was Rutherford B. Hayes?
|
-President from 1877-1881
-emphasized harmony over rivalry -opposed racial violence -did not believe in the government using its power to in the oppressed, but thought society should not ignore the needs of the oppressed. |
|
|
Who was Benjamin Harrison?
|
President from 1889-1893
-used bribery and multiple voting to win -first president since 1875 to have both houses of congress. -Signed the pension act that aided veterans, their widows and children. |
|
|
Who was Grover Cleveland?
|
-President from 1885-1889 and 1893-1897
first term -first democratic president since 1861 -expanded civil service, vetoed pension bills and urged congress to cut tariffs. -was warned that his strong stance would harm his chances for reelection, but stuck to his ideas nonetheless. Second Term-boldly addressed currency, tariff, and labor issues. |
|
|
What were the Jim Crow Laws?
|
Segregation laws enacted in the south in response to the 'separate but equal' movement.
-some states required a barrier between blacks and whites in all public places. |
|
|
What was the Grange Movement?
|
-a network of farmers from many communities throughout the country
-At first was a social function-sponsered meetings and educational events -slowly became more politically and economically active, helping establish agriculture colleges and regulate transportation and storage rates. -declined in the 1970's |
|
|
What was the Farmers Alliance?
|
rural activism organization that started in Texas but spread throughout all farming communities.
-fostered community-held meetings, rallies, and helped cooperative buying and selling. -proposed that the government provide storage for crops and and have loans for farmers who need land. -racial and sectional difference prevented them from having as big of an effect of all races and communities united. |
|
|
How was congress involved in railroad regulation from the 1870's-1890's?
|
-Wabash case in 1886 ruled that congress could only regulate railroad rates involving interstate commerce.
-Interstate Commerce Act in 1887 prohibited rebates and rate discrimination. This lead to the Interstate Commerce Commission which investigated rate making methods and stopped illegal practices. -1897-Maximum Freight Rates case decided that ICC could not set rates -1897-Alabama Midlands case overturned prohibition rate discrimination. |
|
|
How was congress involved in tariffs policies from the 1870's-1890's?
|
The Mckinley Tariff (1890) raised already high tariffs by another 4 cents
The Dingley Tariff raised rates further. Tariffs came to symbolize privileged businesses |
|
|
How was congress involved in monetary policies from the 1870's-1890's?
|
1873-Congress stopped coining silver. This made our currency unofficially gold.
-Bland-Allison Act-Authorized the treasury to buy between $2-4 million each month - Sherman Silver Act increased the governments monthly silver purchase by changing to weight rather than value. |
|
|
What were some major characteristics of industrialization in America?
|
-Major move from farming and doing labor by hand to factories and doing labor by machine.
-The creation of urban cities and suburban areas. -Mass transportation expanded, making travel and commuting easier |
