History Test 4

Front 1

Truman Doctrine

Back 1

this doctrine was Truman calling on countries to choose between 2 ways of life: democracy or communism (US or Soviets)

Front 2

Marshall Plan

Back 2

13 billion dollar European economic recovery plan
U.S. Perspective: communism fed off of economic turmoil, policy directed against "hunger, poverty, desperation, chaos"
Soviet Perspective: attempt to create a block of countries bound by obligation to U.S.
created tremendous tension, Soviets saw it as a challenge

Front 3

Berlin Airlift

Back 3

nonmilitary response to Soviet Blockade, 13,000 tons of supplies were airlifted daily by American planes to Berlin, in return Soviets eventually lift the blockade

Front 4

NATO

Back 4

supports U.S.

Front 5

Warsaw Pact

Back 5

Supports USSR

Front 6

UFCO

Back 6

United Fruit Company, fruit import/export company with headquarters in Guatemala, this is one of the first links between Guatemala and Cuba, gained control of 42% of the land, exempt from most taxes

Front 7

Jacobo Arbenz

Back 7

becomes President of Guatemala, institutes Agrarian Reform Law

Front 8

Guatemalan Agrarian Reform Law

Back 8

by Arbenz. Goals: break up large estates, foster individually owned farms, expropriate uncultivated land
Impact: it took 400,000 acres of land from UFCO and only paid them 1.2 mil

Front 9

Operation Success

Back 9

divised under the Dulles Brothers because of the scare of communist activity in Guatemala. 150 men who were trained, the CIA created illusion of a much larger force, strategic bombing
Result: Arbenz steps down

Front 10

Colonel Carlos Castillo Armas

Back 10

comes into Arbenz's presidency to undo what he did, stabilized Guatemala, U.S. military aid increases, returns land to UFCO, Guatemala plunges into longest civil war in Latin American history (36 yrs) there are connections here to Cuba w/ UFCO, CIA, and US involvement

Front 11

Fulgencio Batista

Back 11

comes into power in Cuba militarily as dictator in the 50's, We pledged to buy 70% of their sugar annually and encourage tourism

Front 12

Fidel Castro

Back 12

he was sickened by what he called "Imperialism" in Cuba, he and fellow students planned to take down Batista at Moncada Military Barracks but they are ratted out and go to prison, he was then exiled to U.S. and Mexico where he met Che Guevara

Front 13

26th of July Movement

Back 13

in the Sierra Maestra Mountains, propoganda success by Castro, beginning of Cuban Revolution

Front 14

Cuban Revolution

Back 14

not major military campaign, there is huge support of guerilla's in the mountains, US urges Batista to get out by pulling our financial support for Batista gov, Castro steps in and declares victory, representative democracy

Front 15

Cuban Agrarian Reform Law

Back 15

takes land from: US owned sugar companies, UFCO and reimburses them for tax returns. this is basically Guat. Reform law all over again

Front 16

Bay of Pigs

Back 16

Dulles attempt to resurrect the Operation Success model in Cuba
1,500 troops land on Giron Beach in E. Cuba, it lasts 72 hours and there are 114 casualties, this is a HUGE Castro propaganda victory that cost US 2 years of negotiations and 53$ million of medicine, baby food, and tractors

Front 17

W.E.B. Dubois

Back 17

founder of NAACP which was an attack on the school system and Jim Crow laws

Front 18

Brown v. Board of Education

Back 18

reversed Plessy v. Ferguson, Supreme Ct called for integration (some places completely ignored this)

Front 19

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Back 19

1955, Claudette Colvin and Rosa Parks were both active in NAACP and the attack on buses was planned. it almost bankrupted the bus company

Front 20

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Back 20

SCLC, formed by King

Front 21

Sit Ins

Back 21

black people would sit at the lunch counter to prove a point, owners would shut down their shops to prevent serving them, press got involved, alot of students heard about this and formed SNCC

Front 22

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

Back 22

SNCC, student version of SCLC

Front 23

Freedom Rides

Back 23

done by the Congress for racial equality (CORE), they ride greyhounds to the deep south where in AL they are attacked, buses are burned, but they keep going because they want to make it to Mississippi

Front 24

Fred Shuttlesworth

Back 24

Knew that in 1963 the time was right for King and Co to come in and boycott, there is not much success

Front 25

Birmingham 1963

Back 25

Attempted boycott by King and Co leads to little success, children are arrested and the media goes crazy

Front 26

Civil Rights Act

Back 26

1964, outlaws segregation in ANY public accommodation. Nothing changes over night but it does jumpstart school desegregation

Front 27

Bob Moses

Back 27

he was behind the scenes educated black people to vote

Front 28

Selma 1965

Back 28

Jim Clark, what happens here brings about the voting rights act

Front 29

Voting Rights Act

Back 29

this act gets things done, it states that if a district does not have a certain percentage of black votes, the government will send people in the educate them

Front 30

Malcolm X

Back 30

"the ballot or the bullet"
he demanded results, and was much more militant than the SCLC

Front 31

Alliance for Progress

Back 31

an aid program proposed by John F Kennedy to join together the Americas. His vision was to unite and avoid Revolution and Reform because he thought they would be overwhelming and unhelpful to Latin America. this was his way of trying to intervene without the military. "Marshall plan for Americas", this gave 500$ mil to Latin America in over ten years for: health, housing, sanitation, literacy, and to stimulate private investment

Front 32

Ernesto 'Che' Guevara

Back 32

from Argentina, Castro's right hand man. he becomes the ambassador of the Cuban Revolution and learns how difficult it actually is to start one when he goes to Bolivia. he tries to start a Revolution but the Bolivian people have no interest and he is assassinated by Bolivian military

Front 33

Cuban Agrarian Reform Law

Back 33

expropriation of 300,000 acres. Industry is nationalized

Front 34

Cuban National Literacy Campaign

Back 34

reduces illiteracy rate from 25% to only 3.9%!

Front 35

Cuban Family Code

Back 35

Castro's idea on how to get everyone in the workforce: day care centers for working mothers, men and women have to share household duties or it is grounds for divorce. this piece of legislature was VERY revolutionary

Front 36

The Somoza Dynasty

Back 36

the family who ran Nicaragua, these are the people the Sandinistas wanted to rise against. they owned 23% of all land and were worth 400$ mil and recieved 1.8 mil from the US military

Front 37

Sandinistas

Back 37

They rise from the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua and want to overthrow Somoza dynasty. they start out by kidnapping government officials for ransom and to force the government to go into repressive actions to "win" the hearts of Nicaraguan people

Front 38

Managua Earthquake

Back 38

allows Sandinistas to capitalize on the corruption to garner support of the people

Front 39

Nicaraguan Agrarian Reform Law

Back 39

1/2 million acres of land and mining industry nationalized

Front 40

Nicaraguan New Family Law

Back 40

same as Cuba + prohibited the use of women's bodies in commercial advertising and legalized abortion (which was later thrown out bc of religious beliefs)

Front 41

Nicaraguan Literacy Campaign

Back 41

95,000 volunteers from college, reduces the illiteracy rate from 50% to 23%

Front 42

Ronald Reagan

Back 42

vocally speaks out against Agrarian Reform Laws and Sandinistas. he approved CIA funded operations against them and calls for economic sanctions. this results to our trade w/ Nicaragua dropping to 0%

Front 43

Contras

Back 43

counter-revolutionaries. well funded, well armed, most are disgruntled Nicaraguans who wanted Sandinistas to step down. they used landmines, torture, rape, murder, and kidnapping. because it was US funded it was more like a civil war

Front 44

Iran-Contra Scandal

Back 44

there were human rights abuses by Contras which bothered the US so we pulled funding. but secretly, the Reagan white house sells arms to Iranian government in exchange for release of American hostages. the proceeds were then secretly funneled to Contras. all involved are forgiven by Bush Sr.

Front 45

Sandinista Response to Contra War

Back 45

1) money is taken away from the new social reform programs
2) they establish military draft which greatly reduces their popularity
3) sandinistas have no more aid from USSR and are on their own

Front 46

Violeta Chamorro

Back 46

she becomes president when the Sandinistas are forced out. she is a centrist. this leads the contras to demobilize and the US to lift economic sanctions

Front 47

Zapatistas

Back 47

Revolutionaries from Mexico, rise up the SAME day that NAFTA comes into play. 1/3 troops are women

Front 48

NAFTA

Back 48

North American Free Trade Agreement that makes trade between US, Canada, and Mexico free. It is hard to incorporate Mexico

Front 49

Article 27

Back 49

this article established Ejidos and it was pulled by Gortari to stimulate trade

Front 50

Ejidos

Back 50

established by Mexican Revolution, land was held by villages and worked communally

Front 51

Subcomandante Marcos

Back 51

leader of Zapatistas. he is not indigenous, always wore the mask. Rafael Guillen?

Front 52

First Declaration from the Lancadon Jungle

Back 52

500 years of struggle for work, land, housing, health care, education, independence, freedom, democracy, justice, and peace. we will not stop fighting until the basic demands of our people have been met.

Front 53

San Andres Accords

Back 53

peace negotiations because Zapatistas realize they cant take on the state and the unrest is bad for NAFTA, these accords granted autonomy and special rights/protections to indigenous population of Mexico

Front 54

Peace and Justice Paramilitary Forces

Back 54

these people work outside the confines of the state who turn a blind eye to them, they work for the ranchers against the Zapatistas

Front 55

Zapatista Womens Revolutionary Law

Back 55

gave women reproductive rights, freedom to choose marriage partner which is revolutionary

Front 56

"Net War"

Back 56

Zapatistas fighting over the internet.

Front 57

What best describes sit ins?

Back 57

Local activists protesting segregated lunch-counters sparked the sit-in movement.

Front 58

The contras were:

Back 58

Financed by the Reagan administration to oppose the Sandinistas.