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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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term used to describe the people who resided on all these hills on the Italian peninsula
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italics
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a cave shrine dedicated to Romulus and Remus and the wolf that nursed them
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Lupercale
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According to the Latins, this brother founded Rome
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Romulus
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The "Regal Age of Rome" is denoted as having an ________ on the throne.
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Etruscan
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Describe the government during the Regal Age of Rome.
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o Roman kings are ruled by a constitution, and must be approved by the Senate (made up of old tribal/clan leaders), and then the Assembly grants the King Imperium, or the right to rule.
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Describe the Assembly during the Regal Age of Rome.
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Assembly is made up all male citizens of Rome—split up into a number of groups (30) based on kinship ties. Each group casts one vote, totaling to 30 votes in the Assembly. Both parents had to be born in Rome in order to be considered a citizen and therefore granted the right to belong to the Assembly
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The Etruscan kings were known as what?
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Tarquins
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The last of the Tarquin kings was accused of __________— which caused riots and a rebellion against the Etruscans in 509 BCE and expelled the Etruscans from Rome
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raping an aristocrat’s wife (“The Rape of Lucretia”)
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The "right to rule"
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imperium
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What was the consequence of "Raping of Lucretia?"
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The Romans abolish the monarchy altogether and establish the Roman Republic, a power that was shared by a number of elected officials and civil servants
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Despite their unpopularity, the Etruscans’ presence allowed Rome to what?
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expand and established an infrastructure and foundations
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Name 7 contributions the Etruscans made to Rome.
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1. Cloaca Maxima
2. Forum 3. Via Sacre 4. The arch 5. Greek alphabet 6. Dress (the classic toga) 7. Athletic Games |
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What advancement in Roman history allowed Rome to grow and expand?
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The Cloaca Maxima, the Etruscans drained the marshland in between the hills which left very fertile land and the ability of previously isolated hills to connect to each other.
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The cultural, economic, and political center of the city--marketplace, various government offices, lawyers, etc.
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the forum
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This ancient road through Rome enabled the Romans to maintain their future empire
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the Via Sacre
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Why was the transition from Monarchy to Republic a very difficult process for the Romans?
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The Etruscans still controlled the north Italian peninsula and the Greeks, the south Italian peninsula
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a road built by the Romans that connected Southern Italy to the city of Rome (first major road construction that Rome undertakes)
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Via Appia
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The head of the Roman Repbulic governement--serve a 1 year term and 10 years must separate each term--replace the King, they are granted Imperium, wore purple robes, sat in ivory chairs in the Senate, etc. Basically replace all duties of the King
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Consuls
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In times of crisis, the Senate may elect a ______ (someone who can serve longer than one year) or a Dictator to solve whatever crisis that plagued Rome—however after the crisis was eliminated, the dictator or ______ was expected to step down
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Pro-Consul
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What made up the Bureaucracy of the Roman Republic?
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Praetors, Quaestors, and Censors
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8 men that made up the judicial part of the Roman Republic bureaucracy.
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Praetors
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2 men that made up the treasury of the Roman Republic.
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Quaestors
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This section of the Roman Republic bureaucracy is made up of 2 men and makes sure to have an accurate list of citizens, fix taxes and tax status, determine what class people belong to (which affects the voting process in the Assembly)
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Censors
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Theoretically, only an advisory body (they are supposed to advise the Consuls), made up of old aristocrat families and old Consuls, serve for life.
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The Senate
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What leads to the corruption of the Senate?
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they are all men of wealth, power, and status, and can buy their way—essentially the Senate ends up running Rome through corruption. They also control the treasury, and use it to control the actions of the Consuls
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What were the two popular assemblies of the Roman Republic?
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Centuriate Assembly and Tribal Assembly
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made up of representatives of all Roman citizens, all socioeconomic group in Rome; elect the Consuls
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Centuriate Assembly
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This social group make up majority of Rome, inlcudes he lower classes, fewer civil rights
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Plebeians
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This social group makes up the upper class of Rome, owns most of the land (Plebeians work their land)
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Patricians
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During the 400s BCE, the Plebians decide to force the Roman government to listen to their demands and gain a voice in the Government. They threaten to leave Rome--how would this affect the Roman Republic?
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this would ultimately paralyze the Roman economy--the Plebians worked and tilled all agriculture during this time, and no workers meant no money or cash flow
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What were the two major changes the Council of the Plebs made to the Roman Repbulic government
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They could veto the Senate and a new law was passed which allowed one of the two Consuls to be Plebeian
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What caused a new middle class to emerge in the Roman Republic?
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The marriage law which prevented Plebeians from marrying Patricians was revoked. Upper class Plebeians would marry lower class Patricians.
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Describe the event known as "The Conflict of Orders."
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The Plebeians demanded a voice in the Roman Republic government, they threatened to leave Rome altogether (which would paralyze the economy), the Patricians gave in and the Council of the Plebs was a result of the Conflict of Orders
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Codified Roman Law, 12 sections, Posted publically—extends protection to everyone, everyone is held accountable to the laws, everyone knows what they are
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The Twelve Tables
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This large cosmopolitan city was initially a colony of the Phoenicians (later developed into an independent city state) and responsible for the development of Rome as a superpower.
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Carthage
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What two advancements made Carthage a formidable opponent for the Rome?
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1. Dual Harbor
2. Quinquereme |
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2 harbors, an outer mercantile harbor, and inside—even further protected—was the military harbor, where the navy docked
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Carthage's "Dual Harbor"
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Carthage's unique ship design, which took the trireme of the Athenian navy and added two more sets of rowers, totally a set of 5 levels of rowers--this design allowed Carthage to dominate sea trade
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Quinquereme
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The First Punic War was over what?
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Sicily (center of Mediterranean sea, perfect strategic presence)
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During the First Punic War, how did Rome strengthen its navy?
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Copied the Carthage navy, and made a fleet of quinqueremes
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Describe the events of the First Punic War leading up to the Second Punic War.
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Rome defeats Carthage, Carthage forgoes all rights to Sicily and must pay for reparations. Carthage moves into Spain instead and takes over the local Germanic tribes. Rome instigates a Germanic rebellion in Spain. Carthage is furious and declares war on Rome.
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Describe the events of the Second Punic War leading up to the Third Punic War.
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Land war, Carthage leads an attack through alps to strike at the heart of Rome, defeats Rome at the Battle of Cannae, Rome retreats and rebuilds its army while continuing to fuel a Germanic rebellion in Spain, then Rome defeats Hannibal and his army in northern Africa in the Battle of Zama
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What was the result of the Second Punic War?
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A treaty that prevented Carthage from declaring war on anybody unless given permission by Rome to do so
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Describe the events of the Third Punic War
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Carthage breaks its treaty in 149 BCE and declares war on of Rome’s North African allies.146 BCE Rome eliminates Carthage. This leaves Rome in control of Spain, Northern Africa, and keep growing and growing, they take Macedonia, Greece, and Pergamum
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large plantations formed by serfs and slaves (provided for by the Roman empire expansion)--either work the plantation or become part of the landless, urban poor.
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Latifundia
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What was the result of the Latifundia?
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the cities become very overcrowded, very over populated, overwhelmed by the homeless--created civil unrest and class conflict
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This Gracchus brother wanted to restrict land ownership, and is known for his appeal to the popular masses, which brought about a new type of politics in Rome, ensuring one's popularity with the lower classes.
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Tiberius
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This Gracchus brother tried to stabalize the price of grain (which made him very popular with the masses, but very unpopular with the Patricians). He was deemed enemy of the state by the Senate--he kills himself and all his followers were executed
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Gaius
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This man promised the urban landless poor fortune in the spoils of war if they joined his army and pledged their allegiance to him
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Marius
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Marius wanted this general recalled from his lucrative post in Syria so that he and his Plebeian army to share in the wealth and opportunity there
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Sulla
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What was the result of Sulla's reign of terror on Marius' army and followers?
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Sulla is named dictator of Rome, and before he steps down from this position he stripped all power from the popular assemblies, granting the Senate complete power over Rome
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The three men of the First Triumverate
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Crassus, Caesar, and Pompey
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These Co-Consuls restore power to the popular assemblies (after Sulla had stripped them) and re-established the positions of the tribune.
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Crassus and Pompey
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This man was given the military command in Gaul and gained popularity by forcing the Germanic kings into submission
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Caesar
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What two events led to the decline of the First Triumverate?
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(1) Crassus is killed in battle
(2) Julia (Caesar’s daughter, Pompey’s wife) dies in child birth. This leaves nothing binding Pompey to Caesar |
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What changes does Caesar make to the Roman Republic after he defeated Pompey and returned to Rome?
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(1) Redistributes land to the poor—to gain approval
(2) Stacks the Senate with supporters--to gain majority favor in the Senate |
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The three men that formed the Second Triumverate
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Octavian, Marc Antony, and Marcus Lepidus
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How did the Second Triumverate divide Roman territory? and how did this affect the overall outcome of the Triumverate?
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Octavian keeps the western half of the empire
Lepidus only gets Northern Africa Antony gets the eastern half of the empire (the most lucrative); This gives Octavian more political clout because he stays in Rome—building alliances and maintaining popularity with the people of Rome Marc Antony takes up with Cleopatra and tries to name his illegitmate child with her heir--this angers Rome and Octavian (since Marc Antony is married to his sister) |
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Rome defeats Marc Antony and Cleopatrat at the _______.
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Battle of Atium
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Four titles given to Octavian
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(1) Augustus
(2) Princeps (3) Caesar (4) Imperator |
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"The illustrius one"
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Augustus
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"First citizen; first of the people"
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Princeps
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List the changes Octavian instituted with the Roman Empire
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(1)Makes it easier to be a citizen, rewards citizenship to all provinces of Rome; if you lived in the Roman empire, you were a Roman citizen. This gave you political rights (for the first time)
(2) Expands the Roman empire (3) Encouraged family stability by granted women with 3 or more children more civil rights (4) More building projects (5) Made food cheaper (6) Strengthened the Roman army |
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Although Octavian had a relative religious tolerance, he still demanded what?
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That all citizens participate in the state religion, worship the Roman gods and participate in the religious festivals--and he banned secret cults
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Octavian created a strong, successful, and prosperous empire—AND! Begins a 200 year period of peace called what?
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pax romana—"eternal peace"
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What were the results of Octavian's efforts?
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1. Very strong population
2. Trade flourishes (Silk Road) – that runs from Jing’an to Rome 3. Strong Army 4. Strong economy |
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Title that denotes your ancestry of either Octavian or his wife
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Julio-Claudian
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What are the traits that almost all Julio-Claudian emperors share?
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(1) Each emperor takes over more and more duties that had been assigned to the senate and assemblies—centralizing power
(2) Develop a bureaucracy that they control to handle those new duties (3) They become more corrupt and more violent |
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The last of the Julio-Claudian emperors whos is infamous for "playing the lyre Rome burned," he blamed the fire on the Christians-- he hangs the them, and strungs them along the roads leading to Road, and set them on fire
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Nero
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This "secret cult" was overwhelmingly disliked and drew their converts from the lower classes
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Christians
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Why did the lower classes of the Roman Empire like Christianity?
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it was accessible to all, anyone could join, you didn’t have to be of a certain social status, gave the lower classes something to look forward to, it could explain why bad things happen, and gave hope of a better future
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anyone who converted outside of Jerusalem (including Paul of Tarsus, never a disciple of Jesus, but claimed to have more authority than the disciples because of “divine inspiration”)
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Greek Christians
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List the three sects of Judaism
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1. Sadduccees
2. Pharisees 3. Zealots |
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These types of Jews cooperated with the Romans and had a very strict interpretation of the Torah
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Sadduccees
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These types of Jews wanted to be liberated from Roman rule and had a more liberal interpretation of the Torah
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Pharisees
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These types of Jews were known for their extremist behavior, who wanted to overthrow Roman rule with violent means
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Zealots
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List three of the "Five Good Emperors" of the Roman Empire
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1. Trajan
2. Hadrian 3. Marcus Aurelius |
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What were the common traits of the "Five Good Emperors?"
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Achieve a pax romana and instead of using their family as their heirs, they appoint capable generals and men
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Foreign emperor from Spain who is most known for his building projects and for including a giant column in the middle of the forum with all his accomplishments inscribed on it
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Trajan
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List three accomplishments/changes Trajan is remembered for
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1. Granted state funds to help poorer classes raise (educate and support) their children
2. Built new forum 3. Expands Roman rule even further East, into Mesopotamia |
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This emperor pulled out of the middle east in general, because he realized it’s too much to maintain, and focuses on the North—built a wall across Britannia to keep the Gauls out of Rome
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Hadrian
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The last of the "Five Good Emperors," and makes his completely incapable and corrupt son emperor
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Marcus Aurelius
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Describe the state of Roman Empire towards the end of the Marcus Aurelius's reign.
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1. a growing threat of the Barbarians from the North
2. a decline in economy 3. the army decreases, a 4. a growing popularity in Christianity |
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The incapable and corrupt son of Marcus Aurelius who brings and end to the pax romana and the period known as the "Five Good Emperors."
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Commodus
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This man gains control over the empire and is most remembered for splitting the Roman Empire into two parts and establishing tetrarchy.
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Diocletian
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"Rule of Four"
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tetrarchy
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Augustus of the West Roman Empire
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Maximian
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Augustus Maximian's caesar
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Constantius
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Two changes Diocletian made to the Roman Empire
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1. Edict on Prices
2. Tetrarchy |
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Diocletian's caesar
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Galerius
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Constantius dies before appointing a Caesar, and a conflict arises between which two sons of previous Augusti
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Constantine, Constantius's son
and Maxentius, Maximian's son |
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Constantine defeats Maxentius at this battle and is named Augustus of the West
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The Battle of Milvian Bridge
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a symbol containing Greek letters chi and ro
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Labarum
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During the Battle of Milvian Bridge, Constantine has a vision and sees a labrum--"in hoc signo vinces," which means what?
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"By this sign, you will conquer"
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Together, these two Augusti sign the Edict of Milan
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Licenius, the Augustus of the East, and Constantine, Augustus of the West
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This allowed all religions of the empire with special consideration of Christianity to worship without fear of execution
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Edict of Milan
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Eventually conflict arises between the East and West empires, and both go to war. Constantine is victorius and is named sole Augustus of the Roman Empire, and moves the
empire to __________. |
Novia Roma (Byzantium)
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Novia Roma means what?
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New Rome
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This "New Rome" meant the end of West Rome shifted focus to the East, but where specifically?
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Constantinople
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This was historically significant as the first effort to attain consensus in the church through an assembly representing all of Christendom
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Council of Nicea
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Describes the conflict between a difference of interpretation of the scripture where people fought over Jesus of Nazareth as being divine or mortal
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Arian Controversy
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A violent revolt that took place over the course of five days in Constantinople in 532. Nearly half the city was either burnt or destroyed and tens of thousands of people killed
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Nika Riots
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Church (now a mosque) destroyed during the Nika Riots of 532
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Haggia Sophia
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A summary of 100 years of Roman law
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Corpus Juris Civils
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The Christian church officially splits over what event?
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When Leo III outlaws the use of icons in the east, which offends the leaders of the Western Church in Rome, who have become known as popes
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With this doctrine, the Popes of Rome claim that they have inherited Peter's position, which gives them authority over bishops
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Petrine Doctrine
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This spread the Christianity and was responsible for the conversion of the King of Franks and the Prince of Kiev
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monasticism
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Well organized nomadic warriors from far East Asia, led by Atilla, who was partly responsible for the complete sacking of Rome
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The Huns
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Germanic tribe who was partly responsible for the complete sacking of Rome, led by Alaric
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Visigoths
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Germanic leader with questionable heritage names takes over the Italian Peninsula, becomes "King of Rome."
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Odoacer
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What two things prevented the Muslims from spreading into the Roman empire?
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(1) Battle of Tours
(2) Siege of Constantinople |
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• First of Germanic kings to convert to Catholicism; Begins the Merovingian Dynasty
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Clovis (of the Franks)
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What was the "Salic Law" of inheritence?
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One would split up all possessions among every son--PROBLEM = kingdoms and territories split up multiple times to different sons over the course of history (not very stable)
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the common law right of the first-born son to inherit the entire estate
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primagenitur
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"man price," in early Germanic law was a reparational payment usually demanded of a person guilty of homicide or other wrongful death.
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wergeld
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a judicial practice by which the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by subjecting them to a unpleasant, usually dangerous physical trial where the healing (or lack thereof) of one's wounds determined one's innoncence
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Ordeal
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Hero of the Battle of Tours
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Charles Martel
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The bureaucratic officials of Charles Martel
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Mayors of the Palace
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The son of Charles Martel who was not satisfied with power without title of King; dubbled King of the Franks
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Pepin the Short
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This man inherited the throne from Pepin the Short and expanded the Frank empire; later was named Augustus of Rome and his corination not only marked the revival of the Roman Empire, but also began a long standing European cultural practice of relying on the Church
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Charlemagne
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This pope crowned Charlemagne Augustus of Rome
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Pope Leo III
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Political and military relationship between a lord and his vassal wherein the vassal would pledge loyalty and military service to the lord in exchange for a plot of land, known as a fief
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feudalism
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economic relationship related to feudalism
Lords also provide armor, horses, weapons Vassals developed entertainment - jousting. |
manorialism
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the socio-economic status of unfree peasants under feudalism, and specifically relates to Manorialism. It was a condition of bondage or modified slavery which developed primarily during the High Middle Ages in Europe.
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serf
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After last of the Carolingians dies, the French nobles appoint this weak ruler which begins the Capetian dynasty of France.
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Hugh Capet
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English king who was defeated by William of Normandy in the Battle of Hastings
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King Alfred
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Period in which Christian Kingdoms in the north "take back" land from Muslims who invaded several hundreds of years before; means "reconquer"
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reconquista
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This was the only Muslim territory left after the reconquista
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Grenada
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The creation of these three kingdoms was a result of the reconquista
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Castile, Aragon, Portugal
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The first Holy Roman Emperor
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Otto I
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medieval monasticism focussed on restoring the traditional monastic life, encouraging art, and caring for the poor
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Cluniac Monasteries
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in 13th century - rise of a new monastic order known as the _______ Friars. Friars go into the cities. Help the poor and sick. They lived amongst the common people. A more visible representative of the Christian faith.
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Franciscan
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attempted to purify the church - Insists upon holy character of the priesthood.
Unmarried and chaste priests -fulfill obligation to separate selves from ordinary world; puts an end to Investiture |
Gregory VII
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practice of monarchs/Kings appointing church officials
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Investiture
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This emperor did not like Gregory VII's reforms, and continued to appoint his own bishops and ignored the other Bishops. The Pope excommunicates the Holy Roman Emperor
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Henry IV
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Under this agreement, the Holy Roman Emperor agrees that the pope will appoint church officials. But once the Pope appoints the official, they become vassals of the Holy Roman Emperor and must pay homage to the Holy Roman Emperor. Become both secular and religious officials.
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Concordant of Worms
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The Byzantines are defeated by the Seljuk Turks (Leaders of the Muslims at the time) in this battle, consequently lose huge territories on the East
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Battle of Manzikert
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Byzantine Emperor who appealled to Pope Urban II for help after the Battle of Manzikert
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Alexius I
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This Pope was responsible for the infamous Crusades
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Urban II
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At the _________ Urban II declared Holy War on the Muslims and launched the First Crusade
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Council of Clermont
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What enticed people to join the Crusades and become Crusaders?
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(1) Riches
(2) Land (3) Salvation (4) Upper Classes somewhat bored because everyone was peaceful at the time |
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Remembered as the most successful Crusade, where the Crusaders take Jerusalem and the city of Antioch--and divide all territory between 4 Crusader States
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First Crusade
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List the 4 Crusader States
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1. Edessa
2. Antioch 3. Tripoli 4. Jerusalem |
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What event launched the Second Crusade?
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The losing of Edessa to the Muslims--Crusade was launched to get it back
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List a few of the Islamic and Eastern influences that came about through the cross-cultural exchange led by the Crusades.
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1. The Lute, which originated in Arabia
2. A revival of Greek and Classical texts (philosophy) which had been kept in the East, was reintroduced to the Crusaders via the Muslims 3. Muslims introduced math, medicine, and refined sugar (Immediately the West becomes obsessed with sugar 4. China introduces printing, paper making, and gun powder |
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violent, ruthless tyrants known for being patrons of the arts, encouraged scholarship and created the largest library during the time
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The Sui Dynasty
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Most splendid and dynamic of Chinese dynasties
Population grows incredibly; Chang’an (AKA: Xi’an) = Capital of China |
Tang Dynasty
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During this battle the Tang lose the Silk Road to the Abasids, thus leading to the dynasty's overall decline and consequential takeover by the Song
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Battle of Talas
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Even though the loss of the Silk Road caused China to shrink in size, this dynasty was responsible for China's overall consistent stability d prosperity and dramatic increase in population
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The Song
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Unifies the nomadic Mongolian herders and conquers huge territories from East to West
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Genghis Khan (Great Leader) or Temujin
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one of Temujin’s grandsons, who breaks up the Mongolian empire into 4 regions, moves his capital to Beijing, and takes a Chinese name for his dynasty -- Yuan
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Kublai Khan
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Name the 4 Mongolian regions
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•Great Khanate (East Asia, including China)
•Changhatai (Central Asia) •Golden Horde (Includes modern day Russia) •Ilkhanate (Old Persian empire) |
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Main port cities of the massive trade route which expanded from China to the far West
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Genoa and Venice
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Four results/events of the huge land route established by the Mongolian empire
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1. Reopeining of the Silk Road
2. Cultural Reawakening 3. Environmental Crisis 4. And The Plague |
