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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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2nd Industrial Revolution
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major shift in the nineteenth century from hand made manufacturing to mass production in mills and factories using water, coal, and steam powered machinery
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Bessemer process
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a steel making process, now largely superseded, in which carbon, silicon, and other impurities are removed from molten pig iron by oxidation in a blast of air in a special tilting retort
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Standard Oil Company
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corporation under the leadership of John D. Rockefeller that attempted to dominate the entire oil industry through horizontal and vertical integration
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Andrew Carnegie
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A steel magnate who believed that the general public benefited from big business even if these companies employed harsh business practices. This philosophy became deeply ingrained in the conventional wisdom of some Americans. After retiring, he devoted himself to philanthropy in hopes of promoting social welfare and world peace
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Pools/Trusts
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a business arrangement that gives a person or coporation the legal power to manage another person’s money or another company without owning those entities outright
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Vertical/Horizontal Integration
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The process by which a corporation acquires or merges with its competitors
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Pullman Strike
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a national strike by the American Railway Union, whose members shut down major railways in sympathy with striking workers in Pullman, Illinois; ended with intervention of federal troops
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Knights of Labor
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a national labor organization with a broad reform platform; reach peak membership in the 1880s
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American Federation of Labor
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founded in 1881 as a national federation of trade unions made up of skilled workers
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Haymarket
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Violent uprising in Haymarket Square, Chicago, where police clashed with labor demonstrators in the aftermath of a bombing
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Homestead Strike
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Labor conflict at the Homestead steel mill near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, culminating in a battle between strikers and private security agents hired by the factory’s management
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Compromise of 1877
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Deal made by a special congressional commission on March 2, 1877, to resolve the disputed presidential election of 1876; republican Rutherford B. Hayes, who had lost the popular vote, was declared the winner in exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops from the South, marking the end of reconstruction
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New South
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Atlanta Constitution editor Henry W. Grady’s 1886 term for the prosperous post Civil War South: democratic, industrial, urban, and free of nostalgia for the defeated plantation South
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Redeemers
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post civil war democratic leaders who supposedly saved the South from Yankee domination and preserved the primarily rural economy
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Sharecropping
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poor, mostly black farmers who would work an owner’s land in return for shelter, seed, fertilizer, mules, supplies, and food, as well as a substantial share of the crop produced
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Mississippi Plan
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Series of state constitutional amendments in 1890 which sought to severely disenfranchise black voters and were quickly adopted by other southern states
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Booker T. Washington
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He founded a leading college for African Americans in Tuskegee, Alabama, and become the foremost black educator in America by the 1890s. He believed that the African American community should establish an economic base for its advancement before striving for social equality. His critics charged that his philosophy sacrificed educational and civil rights for dubious social acceptance and economic opportunities
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W.E.B. Dubois
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He criticized Booker T. Washington’s views on civil rights as being accommodationist. He advocated “ceaseless agitation” for civil rights and the immediate end to segregation and an enforcement of laws to protect civil rights and equality. He promoted an education for African Americans that would nurture bold leaders who were willing to challenge discrimination in politics
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Homestead Act of 1862
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160 acres of government owned land given to settlers who agreed to work the land for at least five years
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Comstock Lode
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Mine in eastern Nevada acquired by Canadian fur trapper Henry Comstock that between 1860 and 1880 yielded almost $1 billion worth of gold and silver
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Indian Wars
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bloody conflicts between U.S. soldiers and Native Americans that raged in the West from the early 1860s to the late 1870s, sparked by American settlers moving into ancestral Indian lands
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Dawes Severalty Act
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Federal legislation that divided ancestral Native American lands among the heads of each Indian family in an attempt to “Americanize” Indians by forcing them to become farmers working individual plots of land
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Ghost Dance
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a spiritual and political movement among Native Americans who followers performed a ceremonial dance intended to connect the living with the dead and make the Indians bulletproof in battles to restore their homelands
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“New immigration”
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Wave of newcomers from southern and eastern Europe, including many Jews, who became a majority among immigrants to America after 1890
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Social Darwinism
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the application of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolutionary natural selection to human society; the concept of “survival of the fittest” to justify class distinctions, explain poverty, and oppose government intervention in the economy
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Party bosses
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a powerful political leader who controlled a “machine” of associates and operatives to promote both individual and party interests, often using informal tactics such as intimidation or the patronage system
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Civil Service reform
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an extended effort led by political reformers to end the patronage system; led to the Pendleton Act (1883), which called for government positions to be awarded based on merit rather than party loyalty
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Populists
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Political success of Farmers’ Alliance candidates encouraged the formation in 1892 of the People’s party; active until 1912, it advocated a variety of reform issues, including free coinage of silver, income tax, postal savings, regulation of railroads, and direct election of U.S. senators
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