History Terms

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Levanant

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The eastern coastline of the Mediterranean Sea. Present day Syria, Lebanon, and Israel.

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Lowlands

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Flanders.

Produced fine woolen cloth

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Venice

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Particularly known for glass making and printing

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Merchant guilds

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Aimed to control trade within a certain area

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Apprentice

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No pay; only food and shelter.

Lasted 3 - 9 years.

Then had to pass one exam.

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Master Craftsman

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Could open his own shop.

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Usury

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Originally charging interest on money.

Came to mean the charging of excessive rates of interests.

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The Perruzzis

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Collected taxes in England for the church.

Lent money to kings.

Their whole enterprise went bankrupt when the King of Naples repudiated his debt and warefare bankrupted the English Treasury.

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Jacques Coeur

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Lent money to Charles VII of France who turned around and trumped up charges against him, cancelled his own debt, and then seized all of his assets.

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Trade Fairs

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Useful international centers for the exchange of goods and the diffusion of ideas.

Helped break down the isolated world of the manor and introduced peasants and nobles to a wider world.

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Just Price

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The cost of the materials plus a justifiable (small) profit

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The Medicis

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Dominated the government of Florence.

Many family members became popes.

Each branch was independent of the others, so even if one went bankrupt, the others would not collapse with it.

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Jacob Fugger

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Loaned money to the HRE Emperor Maximilian and to many popes

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Hanseatic League

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A merchant guild governed by merchant representatives.

Dominated trade in the east for nearly 300 years.

Aimed to secure trading privileges for its members in foreign parts.

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Marseilles

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The main French port for Eastern trade

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Flanders Fleet

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Ships that traveled 2500 miles along the coast of Western Europe from Flanders to Venice

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Journeymen

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Paid for work.

At age 23 or above could submit a masterpiece to prove his skill.

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Craft Guilds

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Guilds with members of all the same craft.

Supervised the production of crafts (monopoly).

protected consumers against poorly made goods.

Political; patrolled streets (police).

Social; built churches, schools, and orphanages

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"Renaissance"

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Means "rebirth" of culture, learning, spirit of individual creativity, and adventure.

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Humanism

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Need for people to realize their potential as an individual

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Florence

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? 13

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Castiglione

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Wrote "the book of courtier" which expresses what it is to be an ideal renaissance man

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Petrarch

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Petrarchan or Italian sonnet.

One of the first authors to express humanist ideas.

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Boccaccio

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Wrote "the Decameron":

100 folk tales written in Italian, characterized by humor, romance, and morals, set during the plague.

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Pico

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Wrote "oration on the dignity of man":

- people have free will to make decisions

- people need to learn and then reflect on the truth to establish a direct relationship with God.

Condemned as a heretic by the church but saved by Lorenzo de Medici.

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Machiavelli

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Wrote "the prince"

- Christianity is an inadequate basis for government.

- the best kind of ruler is a ruthless citizen-soldier.

- a ruler's job is to succeed by any means necessary.

- it is better to be feared than loved.

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Valla and Cusa

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Applied to the concept of textual criticism to historical documents in which they examined a document for external and internal in consistencies.

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Lucretia Borgia

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First married at age 13.

Pawn of her father the Pope (3 marriages total).

Famous patron of the arts.

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Isabella D'este

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Lucrezia's sister-in-law.

Mastered Greek and Latin.

Musical.

Promoted the textile industry in Mantua.

Ruled for her husband when he was away.

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Margaret of Navare

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Sister of the King of France, Francis I.

Wrote"The Heptameron":

- 72 stories celebrating the triumph of the virtue, honor, and quick wit over vice and hypocrisy (often represented by the priesthood)

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Christine de Pisan

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Well educated.

Author - when her husband died, she had to support herself, her 4 children, and her mother.

Wrote some of the foremost feminist works of her era.

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Savonarola

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? 13

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Milan

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? 13

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Gutenberg

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Printed the Bible in 1454

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Johann Reuchlin

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Published the first Hebrew grammar book north of the Alps- encouraged people to read the Bible for themselves.

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Francois Rabelais

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"Gargantua and Pantagruel"- Adventures of two giants who revel in all the known pleasures of the world.

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Erasmus

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"The Praise of Folly"

Most important northern humanist.

Wisdom and absurdity are interchangeable so true understanding comes from experiencing both.

Used satire to condemn religious abuses.

Created a new Greek and Latin translation of the New Testament.

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Sir Thomas More

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"Utopia"

Described an ideal society.

Believed evil was social in origin.

Believed in religious freedom.

Said there should not be a difference between private and public morality.

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William Caxton

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? 1

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John Wyclif

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Believed the Pope has no authority over all of Christendom and scriptures have authority over church teachings.

Followers called lollards.

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Jan Huss

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Inspired by the ideas of Wyclif

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Lollards

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Followers of John Wyclif

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Peasant Rebellion

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1381

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Simony

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The selling of church offices

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Nepotism

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The dispensing of church positions and titles to relatives

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Indulgences

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Sale of indulgences - pardons for sins

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Relic Veneration

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Could bring tremendous welfare to a town from pilgrims traveling to visit relics

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Martin Luther

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Said he would become a monk if saint anne saved him from a severe thunderstorm and he lived.

Nailed the 95 theses on a church door of Wittenberg in 1517.

Honored as one of the creators of the modern Germanic language.

- justification by faith alone

- the priesthood of all believers

- primacy of the Bible- not essential for salvation

- the visible and invisible church

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John Tetzel

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A Dominican monk.

One of the most blatant practitioners of selling indulgences.

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95 Theses

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Nailed to a church door of Wittenberg by Martin Luther.

Pope Leo X couldn't sell indulgences in Wittenberg to pay for the building of st. Peter's Cathedral in Rome, so he lured many of Martin Luthers practitioners across a nearby border to tax them.

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Wittenberg

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Where Luther's 95 theses were posted on a church door

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St peter's basillica

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In order to pay for its building, Pope Leo X lured many of Martin Luther's practitioners across a nearby border to tax them

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St peter's basillica

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In order to pay for its building, Pope Leo X lured many of Martin Luther's practitioners across a nearby border to tax them

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Diet of Worms

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Asked Martin Luther to recant his heresy (declined)

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Edict of Worms

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Martin Luther was declared to be an outlaw in the empire with a price on his head

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Anabaptists

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- refused to recognize infant baptism

- freedom of conscience

- sexual equality

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Philip Melanchton

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One of Luther's loyal lieutenants.

Wrote Augsburg Confession as an act of diplomacy aimed at pleasing the Emperor and the Catholic leaders by highlighting the similarities rather than the differences between the two religions.

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Augsburg Confession

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Written by Philip Melanchron as an act of diplomacy aimed at pleasing the Emperor and the Catholic leaders by highlighting the similarities rather than the differences between the two religions.

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Peace of Augsburg

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A peace negotiation recognizing the realities of time and place.Each Prince got to pick the religion of his territory

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Ulrich Zwingli

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The critic of the church.

All ritual instruments of religion should be abolished.

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John Calvin

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Founder of Calvinism.

Wrote "Institutes of the Christian Religion".

Predestination.

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Calvinism

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Created by John Calvin.

Known as hugenots in France.

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Institutes of the Christian Religion

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Written by John Calvin.

Predestination.

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Predestination

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God is omnipotent omniscient and omnipresent and knows what the future holds for each individual

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Henry VIII

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Titled "Defender of the Faith"

Strictly Catholic.

Lots of wives.

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Cardinal Wolsey

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? 2

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Anglican Church

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The church created by Henry VIII

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John Knox

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A Scottish peasant and priest turned reformer who helped write the Book of Common Prayer, and created a form of Calvinism called Presbyterianism.

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Presbyterianism

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A form of Calvinism created by John Knox

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Puritans

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? 2

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Hugenots

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What Calvinists are called in France

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The inquisition

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? 2

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Ignatius Loyola

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? 2

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Jesuits

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? 2

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Oratory of Divine Love

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A book of new religious orders.

Aiming to revive spiritually in the church through prayer and preaching, and by returning to the poverty and simplicity of the earlier Apostolic church

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Capuchins

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"Small hooded men" who sought to counteract the argument that the Roman Church was too materialistic and neglectful of the less fortunate, in to blunt the charges that Protestant ministers were more effective preachers than their Roman Catholic counterparts.

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Ursulines

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A new order for women established by Angela Merici that developed a teaching role for women.

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Theatines

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The group set on reforming the secular clergy from the top down.

Built up and educated bright young men in the church who had a chance of becoming future leaders.

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Council of Trent

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Wanted to reunite Christendom under the banner of the Roman Church.

Wanted to strengthen the opposition to the Protestant Reformation.

Imposed educational reforms upon the clergy.

Prohibited the clergy from profiting from the sale of indulgences.

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Catherine of Aragon

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Henry VIII divorced her because she couldn't produce a male heir.

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Anne Boleyn

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Gave birth to Elizabeth I who went on to become a queen.

Beheaded in execution with charges of incest, witchcraft, adultery, and conspiracy against the king.

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Jane Seymour

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Only wife whose son lived past infancy.

Favorite wife of Henry VIII.

Edward VI- Henry got his heir

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Anne of Cleves

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Holbein made her seem beautiful but really she was ugly.

Divorced after 6 months.

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Catherine Howard

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Executed for treason, committing adultery

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Catherine Parr

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Outlived Henry.

Married for companionship- she served as his nurse

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Philip II

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Had a sombre and massive monument that reflected his personality.

Planned for his own funeral, even his deathbed, down to every little detail of the coffin.

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Elizabeth I

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39 articles that set forth the doctrine of the Church of England.

Parliament took over the regulation of requirements for apprenticeships and levels of a wages.

Past the poor law to ensure that everyone worked who is able.

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Charles V

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? 3

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Spanish Armada

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? 3

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Ethnocentrism

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? 4

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Marco Polo

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Sponsored by italy.

Explored China.

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Prince Henry the Navigator

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Sponsored by Portugal.

Explored the coast of west Africa past Bojador.

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Bartholomew Dias

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Sponsored by Portugal.

Explored bottom of Asics (cape of good hope)

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Vasco de Gama

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Sponsored by Portugal.

Explored India.

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Pedro Cabral

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Sponsored by Portugal.

Explored Brazil.

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Columbus

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Sponsored by Spain

Explored Caribbean islands and the costs of south and central America

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Vasco de Balboa

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Sponsored by Spain.

Explored Pacific ocean.

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Magellan

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Sponsored by Spain.

Explored (around globe) Philippines.

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Hernando Cortez

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Sponsored by Spain.

Explored Mexico.

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Francisco Pizarro

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Sponsored by Spain.

Explored Peru (inca empire)

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Henry Hudson

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Sponsored by Holland.

Explored Hudson River area/new York.

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Samuel de Champlain

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Sponsored by France.

Explored Quebec.

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John & Sebastian Cabot

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Sponsored by England.

Explored north-American coast.

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Captain James Cook

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Sponsored by England.

Explored Pacific islands (including Hawaii).