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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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radio carbon dating
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tool of archaeology used to give an approximate date of when formerly living things existed
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archaeology
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a branch of science that involves the study of artifacts and objects shaped by human hands
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civilization
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a complex, highly organized social order; often characterized by the formation of cities, social hierarchy, and culture
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subsistence farming
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self-sufficiency farming where farmers only grow enough food to feed their own families
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cultural diffusion
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the spread of ideas, customs, and technology from one people to another
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Neolithic (Agricultural) Revolution
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10,000 BC- People learned to farm and domesticate animals. Result- villages, warfare, wealth, techonolgy, etc.
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theocracy
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government run by church leaders
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monarchy
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a government in which a hereditary ruler exercises central power
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democracy
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government in which people hold ruling power
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patriarchy
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a society in which men hold the greatest legal and moral authority
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monotheism
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religion believing in one God
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hieroglyphics
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system of writing in which pictures called hieroglyphs represent objects, concepts, or sounds
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cuneiform
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in the ancient Middle East, a system of writing that used wedge-shaped marks
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Fertile Crescent
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region of the Middle East in which civilizations first arose
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Mesopotamia
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region within the Fertile Crescent that lies between the Tigirs and Euphrates rivers
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Yahweh
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Hebrew word for God
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monsoon
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seasonal wind that regularly blows from a certain direction for part of the year
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karma
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in Hindu belief, all the actions that affect a person's fate in the next life
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caste system
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in traditional Indian society, an unchangeable social group into which a person is born
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dharma
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in Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties
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phalanx
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in ancient Greece, a massive tactical formation of heavily armed foot soldiers
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Parthenon
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the chief temple of the Greek goddess Athena on the Acropolis in Athens, Greece
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feudalism
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loosely organized system of government in which local lords governed their own lands but owed military service and other support to a greater lord
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chivalry
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code of conduct for knights during the Middle Ages
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Magna Carta
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the Great Charter approved by King John of England in 1215; it limited royal power and established certain rights of English freemen
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Reconquista
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during the 1400s, the campaign by European Christians to drive the Muslims from present-day Spain
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Mecca
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a city in western Saudi Arabia; birthplace of the prophet Muhammad and most holy city for Islamic people
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Medina
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a city in western Saudi Arabia; a city where Muhammad preached
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vernacular
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everday language of ordinary people
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humanism
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an intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics
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Florence
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a city in the Tuscany region of northern Italy that was the center of the Italian Renaissance
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utopia
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idealistic and visionary perfect society
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Sunnis
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one of the largest Muslims sects; they believe that inspiration came from the example of Muhammad as recorded by his early followers
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Shiites
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one of the two major Muslim sects; believe that the descendants of Muhammad's daughter and son-in-law, Ali, are the true Muslims leaders
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Tenochtitlan
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capital city of the Aztec empire, on which modern-day Mexico City was built
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conquistadors
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Spanish explorers who claimed lands for the Americas for Spain in the 1500s and 1600s
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Mandate of Heaven
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divine right to rule promoted in China's Zhou dynasty
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The Odyssey
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Epic by Homer telling of a soldier's journey home after the fall of Troy
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Great Schism
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the split between eastern and western Christianity in Europe in 1054
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Silk Road
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network of trade routes linking China and the West
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Confucius
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influential thinker and philosopher born in 551 B.C. in China
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Great Zimbabwe
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stone ruins in Africa near the Limpopo River. Includes walls, towers, and large palace
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Greek "golden mean"
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a moderate course between the extremes, taught by Aristotle
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Plato
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Student of Socrates. Greek teacher who had distrust of democracy, wrote The Republic, and set up The Academy
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Thucydides
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Greek historian who wrote about the Peloponnesian War, vividly describeing the war's savagery and corrupting influence. He tried to be fair on both sides although he was an Athenian
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The Republic
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Book written by Plato that described his vision of an ideal state. It rejected Athenian democracy and argued that the state should regulate every aspect of its citizens' lives for the sake of their best interests
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The Ides of March
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Date in 44 B.C. when Roman dictator Julius Caesar was stabbed to death by his enemies
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Terra Cotta Army
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Chinese emperor (1st emperor) Quin Shi Huangdi's great accomplishment around 221 B.C.
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Qin dynasty's legacy
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abolishment of feudalism, military rule, nobles' land given to peasants, road built and laws made to unite, Great Wall built that connected walls of north, Terra Cotta army built
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Hammurabi's legacy
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self-named code of laws that was the first important attempt by a ruler to codify all the laws that would govern a state
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Dalai Lama
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Tibetan spiritual leader and leader of Buddhists who lives in exile in India today
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Hippocrates
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Greek physician who, in about 400 B.C. , studied the causes of illnesses and looked for cures. Oath named after him sets ethical standards for doctors
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Constantine
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Emperor of Rome that issued the edict of Milan in A.D. 313, which granted freedom of worship to all citizens of Roman empire.
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Theodosius
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Emperor of Rome that made Christianity the official religion of the Roman empire and repressed the practice of other faiths at the end of the fourth century.
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Doric column
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most simple column type
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Ionic column
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column that looks like it has two eyes
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Corinthian column
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most ornate column
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95 Theses
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Arguments drawn up by Martin Luther against indulgences, or money to the Church that would ensure a spot in heaven. Luther might have posted this liston the door of Wittenburg's All Saints Church
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Martin Luther
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in 1517, he triggered a revolt against the Church. He was a German monk and professor of theology who was disillusioned with Church corruption. He wrote 95 Theses against Church indulgences
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Leonardo DaVinci
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Italian Renaissance artist that embraced realism in his painting. Famous works include the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, which both exemplified new techniques for drawing.
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Michelangelo Buonarroti
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Italian Renaissance sculptor and artist who mastered realism. Famous works include The Pieta and painting on ceiling of Sistine Chapel at the Vatican
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Renaissance
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word from the French meaning "rebirth." Decribes period of creativity and change in Europe that marked the end of the Middle Ages 1300-1600. Reuslted in shift from religion to individual, altered European view of the world, and supported a spirit of adventure
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characteristics of Renaissance art
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featured realism of the Classic period, 3-D perspective, anatomical accuracy
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Nicolaus Copernicus
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Polish scholar who, in 1543, proposed a heliocentric, or sun centered, model of the universe in his book "On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres." Most experts rejected this theory.
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Johann Gutenberg
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Inventor of the printing press, which immensely increased the number of books in Europe (1455-several thousand. 1500- 15-20 million). The Bible was the most common book printed.
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Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)
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"The Enlightened One" who dedicated his life to ending suffering. Sat under tree until he understood the mystery of life. Has a religious following still today
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explusion of Moors
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North-African Mulsims conquered most of present-day Spain in the 700s. But several tiny Christian kingdoms in the north slowly expanded their borders.
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Spartan education
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Boys entered the military at age 7 but received education. Woman received physical education but no academic education. Arts were shunned
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Athenian education
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Girls received little or no formal education. Boys attended school if their families could afford it. They learned to read and write, studied music, memorized poetry, and studied public speaking
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Africa's Gold Trade
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this trade thrived on the West African coast, specifically in Ghana
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Africa's Salt Trade
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this trade thrived in North Africa. The product came from the Mediterranean
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Timbuktu
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City of wealth, had university and Mansa Musa
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Mansa Musa
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greatest ruler of the African kingdom of Mali who came to the throne in about 1312. During 25 year reign, he worked to ensure peace and order and expanded Mali's borders westward to the Atlantic Ocean
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manorialism
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the medieval system by which land was rented to tenants by the lord of a manor, who also exercised legal authority and presided over a court for the area
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The Sophists
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Wandering Greek "knowers" that questioned accepted ideas but said truth was relative. They used rhetoric to advance their careers.
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Phoenician legacy
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Spread Middle Eastern civilization around the Mediterranean. Contributed alphabet (in which each symbol represents a basic sound). Also contributed manufacturing and trade- glass from coastal sand and widely admired purple dye "Tyrian purple"
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Eleanor of Aquitaine
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Leading female figure in European politics for more than 50 years. She was the daughter of the Duke of Aquitaine. Accompanied husband Louis VII (heir to French throne) on the Second Crusade. Ended marriage but she regained control of Aquitaine. Married Henry II but attempted to overthrow Henry. She was imprisoned by Henry and freed by her son Richard.
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Hildegarde of Bingen
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Abbess who, in the 1100s, composed religious music and wrote books on many subjects. Because of her mystical visions, popes and rulers sought her advice
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St. Francis
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Came from welathy family and was very fun-loving and worldly. Then, he heard a voice speaking to him while he prayed. He gave up his wealth to walk in the footsteps of Jesus. He was joined by a small group of followers and lived a life of service to the poor and the sick
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King John of England
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Clever, cruel, and untrustworthy ruler of England. Made many enemies (Pope Innocent II, King Philip II, and own English nobles) and lost struggles with each. Angered nobles with oppressive taxes and other abuses of power. In 1215 group of rebellious nobles forced him to sign the Magna Carta
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Charles Martel
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Frankish leader who rallied Frankish warriors when a Muslim army crossed into France. The Christians triumphed.
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Battle of Tours
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In this battle, Charles Martel rallied Frankish warriors when a Muslim army crossed into France. The Christians triumphed. This was a sign that God was on their side.
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Charlemagne
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Grandson of Charles Martel who become king of the Franks in 768. He built an empire reaching across what is now France, Germany, and part of Italy. Had a 46 yea reign and fought Muslims in Spain, Saxons in north, Avars and Slavs in the easst, and Lombards in Italy
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William Shakespeare
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Elizabethan English poet and playwright, "was not for an age, but for all time." His plays performed at now famed Globe Theater
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Anglican Church
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King Henry VIII made himself head of this branch of religion. England embraced it can dissanters of it were persecuted
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Galileo Galilei
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Proved the heliocentric theory correct with invention of telescope. He was tried before the Inquisition for heresy
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Elizabeth I
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"The Virgin Queen." Ruled after Queen Mary's death and enforced Protestant reforms
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Henry VIII
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King that broke with Catholic Church. Pope refused to give him an annulment, so he made himself the head of the Church of England. He had six wives because of his need for male heir
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Pope Urban II
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in 1095, he was asked for help with the Seljuk Turks' taking of Jerusalem ("infidels"). He called on Western Europe to assist and envisioned powerful knights
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Joan of Arc
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She rallied the French to ultimate victory against Brits in the Middle Ages. Later burned at the stake.
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Marathon
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Battle in the Persian Wars. Persians had a large force that landed at this location in 490 B.C. The Athenians were outnumbered but won with fierce hand-to-hand combat.
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Thermopylae
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in 480 B.C. Xerxes sent Persian force to conquer Greece. The force landed in Greece, and a small Spartan force guarded the narrow mountain pass at this location. Led by Leonidas, they held out heroically but were ultimately defeated. Athens was burned
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Nile-direction/benefits
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This natural Egypt feature provided protection, annual flooding bringing life to desert land, easy transportation. Flows south to north
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Punic Wars
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Rome fought these three wars against Carthage between 264 B.C. and 146 B.C. Rome ultimately destroyed Carthage in the third of these wars and poured salt over the earth so nothing could grow there again. Rome now had control over the western Mediterranean
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Vandals
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In the early 400s, this Germanic nomadic group moved through Gaul and Spain into North Africa. They also took over parts of Rome.
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Byzantine Empire capital
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Constantinople, defensible and crossroads of land and sea trade
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Thomas Aquinas
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Scholar who wrote "Summa theologica." Concluded that faith and reason exist in harmony. Both lead to same truth: that God rules over an orderly universe
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Francisco Pizarro
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Spanish conquistador who, in 1525, sought wealth of Incas which was to exceed that of Aztecs. Suprised Incas by leading 200 soldiers/horsemen to convert people and claim land for Spain. Thousands slaughtered. Held Atahualpa ransom. This man then gained control of Cuzco.
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Chinese geographic isolation
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Had the Wall protecting them. Benefits of this include preservation of their culture, sameness of their language
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Alexander the Great
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Macedonian leader who, made an extensive empire, from Asia Minor to the Hindu Kush. He died early but his legacy includes: combined cultures, a cultural capital at Alexandria, and new roels for women.
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Moctezuma
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Aztec emperor who was wary of strnagers atirst, but welcomed Cortes to the capital. He was compelled to sign over his land and treasure to the Spanish. He was killed in fighting
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Ferdinand and Isabella
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Rulers of Spain who enforced the Reconquista and wanted to impose unity on their people. Also gave permission for Christopher Columbus to start voyage
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Hernando Cortes
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Conquistador of Aztecs. Wanted gold and silver treasures. Once he reached Tenochtitlan, imprisoned Moneezuma, and assualted and demolished the city
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