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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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B.C. and Confederation |
- 6th province to come into existence (part of the U.S. at first) - Come to Canada looking for more gold - could join US cause of their economics but see themselves as British Reasons for joining Confederation: 1) were going to assume their million dollar debt 2) promised responsible government 3) were going to build a railways to join the West Coast and Central Canada (supposed to be done in 10 years) |
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Sir John's Lost Weekend |
- one week drinking bender - little is known about the disappearance - when he returned his party was very angry with him, and he lost a lot of support - this resulted in him losing the election to Alexander Mackenzie |
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Secret Ballot |
- Mackenzies attempt to reform the electoral system |
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Temperance vs Prohibiton |
- shows the evolution in dry legislation - temperance before 1850, prohibition after 1850 - temperance was moderation prohibition was total abstinence - temperance tried to convince people they would have a better life without alcohol, prohibition enforced laws by the state making drinking illegal - beer was one of the only things to drink at the time, temperance felt beer was okay but prohibition did not |
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John Bengough's "Miss Canada" |
- shows that by the 1860s the dries of society see no difference between beer, wine, hard liquor, etc. anyone could kill you - John Bengough was the artist - image portrayed a dark bar, with Miss Canada and the devil pouring a drink, saying that the devil makes people drink - message was that all alcohol will send you to hell |
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Scott Act |
- first piece of dry legislation in Canada post legislation - passed by the liberal government in 1878 - gives the municipalities choice on whether they want to be wet or dry (put to a vote) - alienates parts of the population |
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Lack of Economic Prosperity
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- one of the reason Mackenzie only serves one term as Prime Minister - there is a depression in the 1970s, and being ideological, Mackenzie believed the solution was free trade, but the US did not want to trade with Canada. He has no other ideas - Macdonald promises to give Canada a national policy tariff (tax all manufactured goods entering Canada) which would give the manufacturers protection with a guaranteed income - farmers would benefit because their were more mouths to feed - results in Macdonald being elected once again, he is in power until his death |
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Northwest rebellion of 1885 |
- factor dividing Canadians during the 1880s and 1890s - lead to the execution of Louis Riel - 3 groups unite and rebel (the Crie, the Blackfoot, and the Metis) - government promised these people would never suffer from famine, but people were starving - The CPR was nowhere near these people due to a change in plans. - Louis Riel was their voice, he set up a provisional government and issued a 10-point revolutionary bill of rights (declaration of these groups rights) - results in the Battle of Ducling, which is the first battle of the Northwest rebellion - Northwest Mounted Police die. The numbers in the battle did not measure up. The battle lasted 2 months, then Riel was captured and tried for treason |
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Execution of Louis Riel |
- shows the tensions between French and English - one of the reasons for the decline of the Conservative Party because they lose the support of Quebec - tried for treason, convicted and sentenced to be hung - the French ministers asked for his sentence to be converted to life in jail, but the liberals had no spot in Quebec so he was still hung (one of the last hangings) |
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Inside Lobbying |
- when an interest group tries to influence a public policy by directly pressuring politicians (example, brewers and Labatt) - takes place on Capital Hill behind closed doors - in contrast to outside lobbying where people try to affect the culture around them |
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Dominion Franchise Act (1885) |
- significant for what it doesn't do, which is extend the vote to women, or Chinese men who helped build the CPR. - instead, more men got the change to vote as long as they owned land and made over $300 - Macdonald wins the election again |
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Jesuit Estates Act (1888) |
- factor dividing Canada at the time - divides the nation among linguistic and religious lines (protestant against catholic, french vs english) |
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Manitoba School Question |
- shows the divides in Canada between protestant and catholic, and french and english - hand rolling of the Manitoba school question leads to the decline of the conservative party after Macdonald's death |
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Laurier-Greenway Compromise |
- shows Lauriers ability to find the middle road on most divisive political issues - guaranteed that minorities would get the education they demanded, and it would be funded by the state, however, it wasn't 50/50 split, and was only for the Roman Catholics |
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Boer War (1899-1902) |
- also known as the South African War - shows the tensions and divisions in Canada between the French and English - Root causes of the war were natural resources (diamonds) and two systems of law will be dominant - English believed if Great Britain was going to war then they were too, French Canada did not want to help British because they felt they were oppressing Canada |
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National Plebiscite on Prohibition (1898) |
- booze is dividing Canada, half dry, half wet - shows the pragmatism of Wilfred Laurier, who is not beholden to any ideology or interest group - he put prohibition to a vote, and the majority were in favour of it, but since he was Francophone and many Quebecers were against it, he said the vote was too close to call |
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Outside Lobbying |
- influence the culture of society, gets the people to think differently - they talk to the most influential people at the time, the youth |
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Health Readers |
- youth are most valuable and influential minds of society. - people go around to schools handing out health meters full of dry propaganda, saying that alcohol will ultimately kill you |
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Republic of New Iceland |
- shows that there are not many people living in the West prior to 1896 when Laurier comes into office - immigrants came from Europe, but faced many issues. Grasshoppers resulted in lost crops, they were hit with smallpox, and then were hit by floods - population was sparsely extreme, but when Laurier was in office the population boomed |
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The Last Best West |
- one of the ways Laurier promotes the West - hands out over a million copies of this political pamphlet over seas. - free land was no longer available South of the border, Canada was the only place where free land was still available - Farmland dried up in Europe, and people were living very poorly with many people crammed into one house. Chances of survival were slim - people started pouring into Canada which resulted in an economic boom - how the liberal government settled the West |
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Economic boom of 1896-1911 |
- Laurier is successful at giving us one of the greatest economic booms in our history. - growth was about 7% and the economy was taking off |
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Naval Service Bill (1910) |
- another issue which confronts Laurier, also divides the Canadians between French and English. His compromise pleases no one, and is one of the reasons why he loses the election of 1911 - Germany's army started to pick up, and Britain was asking Canada for money. English Canada wanted to help, French Canada did not want to. - instead, he created a Canadian navy, which lent ships to Britain. - English weren't happy because they felt it wasn't enough, French weren't happy because they felt it was a waste of money |
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The onset of WWI |
2 Causes: arms race between Germany and Britain causes outbreak of hostilities, mutual defense pacts. Hungarian royalty shot by Hungary declares war on Syria (Canada becomes implicated). Borden promises great things from Canada, supplying men and supplies, we need a lot of money to fund the war effort |
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Victory Bonds |
- how Canadians paid for the war - people give their money and get a piece of paper in return |
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Dominion Income War Tax |
- how Canadians pay for the war - first tax ever to appear in Canada - only wants to take 1% of the money people make (income and corporations) - the third way is borrowing international money |
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Wartime rationing |
- changes the relationship between the state and the people - state gets very involved in peoples lives like they hadn't done before - takes some of the income, rationing tea, coffee, gas, having meatless Fridays, and no booze |
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"Decorating his Chief Ally |
- lead to the onset of prohibition during WWI - Canadians thinks, if we want to win the war we have to "banish the bottle", a.k.a. become dry |
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Prohibition |
- time in Canadian history where there is a dry spell - first province to go dry is PEI, gradually other provinces join - they want the trenches to go dry as well |
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Rum Ration |
- role booze played in trenches overseas - war is bloody and many people lost their lives - living in trenches with rats, many suffer from insomnia - it serves as a way to boost moral, reward for service beyond the war of duty, liquid courage, before going over they got a shot, also used as painkillers |
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Ross Rifle Affair |
- beautiful gun, but very long, heavy, prone to blow backs, and jammed very easily - government decided halfway through the war that they couldn't have capitalists making guns, they take over and the arms got better due to proper planning and organization |
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Battle of Vimy Ridge |
- greatest Canadian battle which leads to the cultural birth of the Canadian nation -defining moment that broke the division between people in Canada - brings people together |
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Vimy Shuffle |
- one reason for the success at Vimy Ridge - innovative way for the troops to advance - they send out shells just in front of the troops that are running out of the trenches which creates smokes screens and gives them the element of surprise - timing has to be right, but it work really well - Canadians win, but not without cost, Borden goes over and asks what he can do, and they request more people, he decides it is time for conscription |
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Conscription Crisis WWI |
- why women finally get to vote - shows the division in Canada had not fully disappeared particularly between French and English - English in favour of conscription and French against it as well as the war in general |
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Unionist Party |
- Borden creates a new government for the time being - the first and only coilition government in Canadian history - pro conscription liberals and borden conservatives - they go to a poll, and he knows that the unionist party needs to win, so he manipulates the votes |
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Wartime Elections Act |
- takes away the rights from some people who he knows won't vote for the Unionist Party (immigrants from enemy parties) - gives women with loved ones the right to vote |
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Easter Riot (1918) |
- shows that people from Quebec are generally opposed to conscription - happens over Easter weekend and the police go to a bowling alley asking for people's papers, they throw one guy in jail - a huge mob goes crazy and burn everything down - Canadian troops go to meet the protesters and it all goes terribly wrong - what little support Quebec had for the Unionist party is gone |
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Spanish Influenza |
- we won the war, and the boys started returning home, most of which got very sick and they passed away as a result - makes the postwar period very painful - we lost 50,000 Canadians making it a global phenomenon |
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Winnipeg General Strike (1919) |
- growing tensions between labour on one side and management - representative of the labour unrest in Canada immediately following WWI - People returning from the war had nowhere to work, and inflation was increasing as a result - unemployment and inflation were two causes, another was the breakdown between management and the building in metal workers - results in the government changing the Immigration Act, arresting the strike leaders, and sending in the RCMP |
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Western perception of Canadian banking |
- ultimately leads to the birth of Canada's first progressive/third party
- farmers were doing well during the war, and expanded their businesses. Once Russians returned to the market banks started foreclosing on Western farms. - banks were moving to central Canada but not giving money back |
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Progressive Party |
- first third part in federal politics in Canada
- Western movement which grows out of Western alienation (being upset about national policy, conscription, and banks) - lead by Thomas Crerar. - Official opposition in the election of 1921 - new national policy is free trade with the US and nationalization of the banks and democracy |
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Labatt's Mail-order business |
- how Labatt's survives through prohibition
- provinces had no control over alcohol being imported - Burke encouraged them to sell illegally to the states rather than closing the brewery |
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Volstead Act (1920-1933) |
- act that brings prohibition into existence in the US
- gives brewers and distillers an opportunity to make really good money, Labatt's included |
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Agnes W |
- fishing ship that Labatt's uses to ship its booze to gangsters in the US
- how they survive prohibition |
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Whiskey Six Studebakers |
- one of the ways Labatt's bootlegged its booze
- a souped up car which was designed to outrun the cops |
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Brewers reach out to workers and veterans |
- brewers reached out to the veterans and the workers
- they tell Canadians they want drinking in moderation, rather than returning to old ways. - present a petition ot the government and it is put to a vote - the brewers get people to reimagine beer in quintessentially Canadian terms, beer has worked itself into national consciousness as Canada's drink - brewers tapped into the underlying cultural logic of the 1920s to bring about the end of prohibition and manufacture a beer-drinking nation |
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Back-to-the-Land-Anti-Modernism |
- fear of the city, it was a cultural fear in the 1920s where strikes, prostitution, drunkenness, crime, etc. happen - Beer is made as a product of the land - Canadians vote to do away with prohibition (we are wet again by 1930) - institutions such as the LCBO emerge |
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LCBO |
- representative of the "Made in Canada" solution to the liquor questions - the government controls the distribution of intoxicating beverages - brewers tapped into the underlying cultural logic of the 1920s to bring about the end of prohibition and manufacture a beer-drinking nation |
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Great Depression (1929-1939) |
- worst economic episode in Canadian history - 1/4 Canadians was out of work, per capita income declines |
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The "Old Orthodoxies" |
- dominantly held beliefs by Canadians up until 1936 The beliefs were: 1) the individual was responsible for his or her economic situation 2) private enterprises and not the government is the engine of economic growth 3) governments should live within their means Mackenzie believed that if the economy got worse, he wouldn't be reelected, he calls and election and loses - governments response to the Great Depression |
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Work Camps |
- symbolic measure designed to keep people busy during the depression rather than giving people meaningful work - military style camps which pay 10 cents a day and provide men with 3 meals a day - resulted in nothing, strictly kept people busy - governments response to depression |
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Banks of Canada |
- radical institution with a not so radical policy - created during the depression by R.B. Bennett - bank has a tight money policy which keeps interest rates really high, no one wants to spend money, this is why people are miserable and results in lots of crime, people are desperate - Governments response to depression |
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Kidnapping of Sir John A. Macdonald |
- example of the desperation during the depression of unemployed Canadians - everyone knows Labatt has a lot of money so they kidnap him - he lives a paranoid life as a result - turns people to crime and victims are forever effected |
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Cooperative Commonwealth Federation |
- one of the longest lasting parties, the forerunner to the NDP - Federation of four groups: farmers, workers, left leaning intellectuals, social gospel practitioners (members of the church) - new party which emerged out of the economic crisis |
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Reconstruction Party |
- about restoring small scale capitalism, where the small businesses have the power, not big corporations - lead by Herbert Stephens - new party which emerged out of the economic crisis |
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Oshawa Strike (1937) |
- proves Mitch Hepburn is no friend of the working class - last three weeks, takes place in a GM plant Workers want the following: 1) 8-hour day 2) better working conditions 3) a seniority system 4) recognition of their union - workers go on strike, Hepburn sends thugs dressed as military men to beat the strikers, GM is losing too much money so they settle - response to depression in Alberta and Ontario |
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A+B Theorem |
- A+B=C - C represents cost of goods and services - you get C by wages (A) and all other overhead (B) added together - solves the depression - his solution gives people a social dividend, money, and B - radical idea that is coming out of Alberta but never comes into existence, therefore another symbolic measure - response to the depression in Alberta |
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Watershed Moments |
- a hinge point in history, period of tremendous change - seems like nothing before the fact was same after the fact Examples: 1) Changes women’s lives: take up roles typically done only by men during the war 2) Government takes a new interventionist role in the economy and people’s lives 3) New industries are created: industrial prowess for Canadians 4) New mentality emerges: Keynesian (beginning of Keynesian episode) 5) Sees us leave the Great Depression |
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World War II |
- Axis vs Allies - Germany is upset about being penalized by the Western countries after WWI - Hitler annexes Austria then takes Czech and Poland - France and Britain declare war on Germany Sept 1st 1939 - Canada is ill prepared for war; a decade of depression had taken its toll on the miliary |
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Victory Bonds (WWII) |
- like during WWI, they help fund the war effort - allowed the people back at home to make the contributions and feel part of the war - governments reach into our wallets as they do in WWI and increase the taxes on our personal income taxes - government revenue from income tax goes increases significantly |
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Department of Munitions and Supply at Mid-War |
- department is spending as much as the whole government - makes massive expenditures - bringing in new people to produce things in the factory - depression unemployment was very low and decreased even more during the war |
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Polymer Corporation |
- can't fight a war without rubber - Japan bombs south East Asia to get natural rubber (in the tree) - crown corporation that oversees the construction of synthetic rubber plant and the production of synthetic rubber during war years - so successful that it gets its image on the $10 bill |
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Keynesianism |
- manifested itself in the public policies of the period - dominant ideology across the civil service in Canada from 1939-1973 - named after John Keynes-Economist who goes around and looks at why Depressions occur - solution is government must step in and make those expenditures to prime the pump of empirical activities |
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White paper employment |
- written by W.A. Mackintosh - government's blueprint for post-war prosperity To have prosperity in Canada we need: 1) International markets for our natural resources 2) stimulant aggregate demand at home (consumer spending) How do you stimulate this demand? 1) tell people to cash in their victory bonds 2) cut the taxes that had been raised 3) spend all of your savings - how the liberal government maintains the wartime prosperity into peace |
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Family Allowance |
- how the liberal government maintains the wartime prosperity into peace - measure put into place by Mackenzie King government at the end of the war to stimulate consumer spending and therefore maintain the prosperity into the peace - you get money for having children - part of the plan to get people standing, the more people buy, the more needs to be produced and it creates jobs (cycle) - works well at political and economic level |
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Boom of 1945 |
- brought on in part by the policies of the federal government of William Lyon Mackenzie King - most prosperous period in our history - people are earning and spending money - unemployment rates remain very low - how the government maintained the wartime prosperity into peace |
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Leduc Oil Discovery |
- how the government maintained the wartime prosperity into peace - it contributes to the economic boom of 1945-1957 - more oil in Alberta than anywhere in the world, starts a modern oil industry |
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Television |
- black and white, expensive, large - radical changes occurring with out interaction with technology - CBC and CTV hit Canadian TV - post war reconstuction |
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Elvis Presley and Louise Bowie |
- post war reconstruction - people were offended by Elvis' music; linked him to the devil - speaks to the conservative culture of the 1950s - Louise Bowie was a 12-year old student in Ottawa at Notre Dame (school ran by nuns) - Nuns warned students not to go to his concert but Louise did and was evicted from school as a result |
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The Feminine Mistique |
- how the lives of women changed after the war - women were kicked out of their jobs - cult of domesticity; women told that they're supposed to be a good wife - they celebrate glamour - fashion changes; very form fitting fashion |
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Baby Boom |
- there is an increase in babies as a result of economic prosperity - families have enough money to provide for another person - significant social and cultural development of the period |
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Cult of Virginity |
- dominantly held belief in North America regarding sexual relations, primarily premarital sex - less fear of pregnancy and disease - antibiotics were widely used and birth control was introduced |
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The Pill |
- part of the reason the cult of virginity comes to an end - created by George Pincus - delayed a number of years because it was believed to be against God's way, and therefore the pill was not funded - Pincus receives money from Katherine Hall McCormick to help him develop the pill - enovid is the first pill to come out in the 60s but it is illegal |
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The Feminine Mistique |
- women were looking to do things differently than the groups before them which triggers the second wave of feminism - a revolutionary book that inspires a whole generation of women to go our and agitate for demand and change - they want the government to make a change |
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Second Wave Feminism |
- a consequence of women's unhappiness and dissatisfaction with the cult of domesticity |
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Royal Commission on the Status of Women |
- a consequence of the second wave of feminism - it is a Royal Commission that is looking to those things that are preventing women from living full and happy lives - believe in legalizing the pill - also thinks divorce should be easier for women - equal pay for equal work - maternity leave - more rights for women |
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Mini Skirts |
- women's lives changing reflected fashion - reflection of the women of the period living more dynamic and rebellious lives - first woman to wear one gets a lot of press attention - skirts are more comfortable and functionable |
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Fruit Machine |
- a machine designed to seek out the gays and lesbians in the civil service (our government) - measures heartbeat, pupil dilation, and perspiration - they would show a series of photos one being a naked man and watch for response |
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LSD |
- drug use is on the rise during the 60s and the dominant drug is LSD (acid) - hallucinogenic which is tasteless and odourless - drug of choice for the counter-cultural revolution - cultural and social developments of the 60s |
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PC Leadership Convention |
When Brian Mulroney becomes leader of theconservative partysize |
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Canada Air |
representative ofBrian Mulroney’s desire to sell off all of the governments enterprises. Thereason he wanted to sell it off was because it was losing taxpayers money. Theyproduce executive jets. The government bought it in 1976 when Trudeau was inpower in order to save jobs. This is just one example. |
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Trickle Down Economics |
he is going to cut taxes for the wealthy. Thisis a fundamental principle of neo-conservativism. It is the elitist belief thatif you are going to cut taxes, cut taxes on the wealthy because they are theones who are going to invest in the right things which will boost the economy. |
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Free Trade Debate |
ultimately, Mulroney wins the debate and for thefirst time since 1866 we have a free trade accord with the USA |
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Generation X |
the youth of theperiod (1980s). Cynical, fatalistic, hedonistic, individualistic, and morewilling to do things in the shadows. Went on for about 20 minutes comparingto our generation. |
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Challenger Explosion |
– leads to generationX questioning the powers of technology. Our lives were becoming easierbecause of technology. The first time a non-astronaut went up in space. Thewoman chosen was a teacher. The space shuttle exploded during take off.Everyone on board died. Most people tuned in to watch, and it lead to anambiguous view of technology. |
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Mount Cassel Orphanage Abuse Scandal |
leads Canadians toquestion the moral authority of the church. During the 1970s many peoplewere coming forward saying they were abused. It was lead by Christian brothersof Ireland and Canada so the government did not want to look into it. Investigationsbegin after someone makes an allegation over a live radio show. There were allkinds of abuse occurring over many decades. The result is the orphanage is shutdown. |
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Aids |
– leads to the Cult ofMonogamy. Terms linked. Colours people’s perceptions of sexual relations duringthe 1980s. No one knew in the 80s how this disease was spread, but it wasan epidemic. Found typically in gay men. SAFE SEX GENERATION and MONOGAMY. - cult of monogamy is people being safer, using protection, and having sex with only one partner |
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Quiet Revolution |
Significant period of profound change in the province of Quebec during the 1960s It's a quiet revolution because it's not in the streets it's in the mind (no violence) What's it all about? What do they want? Quebecers want more control of their economyWantto improve health care and education |
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Kebec Ale |
Significant for our purposes because it's a reason for the decline of Canadian breweries Controlled by E.P Tailor; he comes out with a patriotic beer to appeal to Quebec people When he releases this there's a backlash, people are angry, they don't want english Catholics telling them what they're drinking |
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Death by Dow Ale |
Significant because it's the straw that broke the camel's back, this really killed Canadian breweries People are dying from Dow beer; because they're putting toxins in the beer to keep the foam They clean up their operation but it's too late This is the end of Canadian beer companies |
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Divorce Act |
Significant because it makes getting a divorce easier in Canada and it also brings Trudeau to the public's attention for the very first time It recognizes irreconcilable differences for the very first time; and this resonates with Canadian (puts him on the map) |
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Leadership Convention |
Significant because at this conference Trudeau gives a speech that separates him from the pack that makes him the head of the liberal party and eventually the PM |
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Trudeaumania |
A honeymoon period where he can do no wrong He's not willing to do things the old way Very popular with the women, dated all sorts of famous actresses (Barbara Streisand) |
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Official Languages Act |
Significant because it recognizes French as on of the 2 officially languages of Canada This act grows out of the recommendations of the bilingual and bicultural commission As a result of this people who want to be served by someone in French had to be no matter where they are in the public service |
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October Crisis |
Shows that Trudeau is a pragmatic politician Radical movements are happening in Quebec and a terrorist organization emerges (FLQ- federation of liberation of Quebec) and kidnap a man named James Cross They hold him hostage and they ask for a ransom but before they can do this they kidnap someone else Pierre Laporte (the immigrant minister) and Pierre Trudeau gets involved October 16th of 1970 he invoked the War Act which was very controversial and civil liberties are suspended (many people are detained) Find Pierre Laporte dead in the back of a car The crisis comes to an end in December 1970 and the perpetrators have been found and charged & civil liberties has been restored |
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FIRA |
Example of Trudeau being a pragmatic politician designed to satisfy the NDP NDP want Economic nationalism- Canadians should own Canadian firms (they want the Americans out) Trudeau decides to implement a foreign investment review agency which will review any takeover of a Canadian firm There were 3 things that they now had to ask: Competition, Productivity and the Nature of Employment |
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Stragflation |
It's the principle economic problem of the 1970s that Trudeau has no successful solution for It's a combination of high inflation and high unemployment - worst economic time since the depression It brings the Keynesian episode to an end This is brought on by the OPEC's use of the oil weapon |
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OPEC and the oil weapons |
This is significant because it triggers Stagflation Middle east cuts off the oil on the US & it's allies and the price of oil goes way up Trudeau decides to tackle inflation (doesn't work) |
