History Study Middle East

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OPEC

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organization of the petroleum exporting countries, a permanent intergovernmental organization of 13 oil-exporting developing nations that coordinates and unifies the petroleum policies of its Member Countries. They regulate the price of oil.

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Shiite (Sh’ia)

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a member of one of the two great religious divisions of Islam that regards Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad, as the legitimate successor of Muhammad.Sunni - a member of one of the two great religious divisions of Islam, regarding the first four caliphs as legitimate successors of Muhammad

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Shah of Iran (Mohammed Reza Pahlavi)

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was the shah of Iran until he was overthrown in the iranian revolution on 11 February 1979. He was modernizing Iran and gave women the right to vote. This angered the opposition and resulted in the revolution.

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Ayatollah Khomeini

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Shah of iran after Pahlavi, he believed that the islam was being abandoned and tried to restore fundamental Islam, with very strict policies.

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Iran Hostage Crisis

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U.S embassy members in Iran were taken hostage and Khomeini did this to give the country legitimacy.

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Abdel Nasser

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second president of egypt and led the revolution to end monarchy. He cracked down on the Muslim brotherhood.He focused on social justice and this gained him popularity.

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Anwar Sadat

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He was the handpicked successor of Egypt. He was murdered because he made peace with Israel and because he was a Westerner.

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Muslim Brotherhood

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A group of educated individuals who were frustrated by the leaders and their policies of westernization.

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Camp David Accord

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were signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin, dealt with the Palestinian territories. Peace between Egypt and Israel

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Yitzhak Rabin

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Fifth prime minister of Israel, assassinated 1995. served as Israel's ambassador to the United States from 1968–1973

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Oslo Accords

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The Oslo Accords created the Palestinian Authority, whose functions are the limited self-governance over parts of the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Israeli withdrawal of all troops from Gaza Strip and West bank of 1996, it eventually fails.

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Palestinian Liberation Organization

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an organization founded in 1964 with the purpose of the "liberation of Palestine" through armed struggle.

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Hezbollah

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a Shi'a Islamist militant group and political party based in Lebanon. Hezbollah was conceived by Muslim clerics and funded by Iran primarily to harass the Israeli occupation. There goals was to establish an Islamic fundamentalist gov’t.

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Al Qaeda

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( means “The base” ) a militant Sunni Islamist global organization founded by Osama bin Laden, Abdullah Azzam. Multinational-stateless fundamentalist Sunni organization calling for jihad.Hamas - a Palestinian Sunni-Islamic fundamentalist organization.the organization followed the Muslim Brotherhood's model of acting primarily as a social welfare agency that catered especially to the Palestinian refugees in the Gaza Strip.

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Wahhabism

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Very extremist, fundamentalist Sunni islam group.

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Mujahideen

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Muslims who proclaim themselves warriors for the faith. Group that the U.S supported to fight against the U.S.S.R

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Fatwa

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Religious opinions - Bin Laden makes these saying that the U.S is desecrating holy land and that we need to be driven out of Mecca. He is upset that we have our troops in Saudi Arabia.

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Persian Gulf War

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Starts with Iraq invading kuwait, now they control 2 major oil supply. We land troops on Saudi Arabia - operation Desert Shield - to prevent them from getting Saudi, another major oil supply. Operation Desert storm is us driving Saddam out of Kuwait ( Lasted 100 hour ). Used a lot of technology, guided missiles, satellite.

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93 WTC attack

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The 1993 World Trade Center bombing was the first terrorist attack on the World Trade Center, carried out on February 26, 1993, when a truck bomb was detonated below the North Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City

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USS Cole

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The USS Cole bombing was a terrorist attack against the United States Navy guided-missile destroyer USS Cole (DDG-67) on 12 October 2000, while it was harbored and being refueled in the Yemeni port of Aden. Suicide bombers blow up the ship, 17 Americans killed.

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U.S. Embassies in Africa attacked

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attacks that occurred on 7 August 1998, in which over 200 people were killed in nearly simultaneous truck bomb explosions in two East African cities, one at the United States Embassy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, the other at the United States Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya

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9/11

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Attack on twin towers, Al qaeda attack, with the planes.