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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Abolitionism
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1860 presidential victory of Abraham Lincoln marked a turning point in the movement. In 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed slaves in rebelling states. The 13th Amendment (1865) prohibited slavery throughout the country.
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Bourbon Dems
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Redeemers; conservative Democrats; reaction to Reconstruction
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VA Resolution
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James Madison 1798
Interposition states have the right to declare unconstitutional any acts of Congress not authorized by the Constitution A response to the Alien and Sedition Acts |
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KY Resolutions
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Thomas Jefferson 1799
Nullification states have the right to declare unconstitutional any acts of Congress not authorized by the Constitution A response to the Alien and Sedition Acts |
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Interposition
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refers only to the declaration of a federal law to be unconstitutional
more moderate than nullification (less likely to result in fed retaliation) Brown v. Board |
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Nullification
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is a declaration of unconstitutionality followed by a declaration that said law is null and has no force
Nullification Crisis; Tariff of 1828/1832 Settled by Compromise Tariff of 1833 Compromise of 1850/Northern States-Fugitive Slave Act & Personal Liberty Laws |
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Compromise of 1850
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package of 5 bills regarding status of territories acquired during the Mex-Amer War (1846-1848)
1) CA free state 2) Slave trade abolished in DC 3) Territory of NM and UT-->popular sovereignty 4) Fugitive Slave Act passed 5) TX gave up western land in return for money to pay off its national debt |
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Fugitive Slave Act
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1850
most controversial act of 1850 Comp. Stoked N fears of 'slave power conspiracy' |
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agrarian revolution
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the reorganization of agriculture to feed growing cities, and the development of a home market. under slavery, the ingredients of agricultural production such as the land, tools, and labor were not turned into commodities, there was low productivity of slave labor that prevented the creation of a S home market, and slavery allowed for the investment in land and slaves instead of industry. In turn, this lead to a blocking of capitalism.
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Black Belt
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dark soil of central Alabama and northeast Mississippi it is a broad agricultural region in the Amer South characterized by a history of plantation agriculture in the 19th century and a high % of AAs.
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John C. Breckenridge
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S faction of the Dem party
1860 election pro-slavery platform won Deep South and MD and DE no support in N states |
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John Brown
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abolitionist advocated and practiced armed insurrection as a means to abolish slavery for good. Brown's attempt in 1859 to start a liberation movement among slaves in Harper's Ferry, VA electrified nation. He was tried for treason and hanged.
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Stephen Douglas
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candidate for N Dem party in 1860
believed in popular sovereignty responsible for Comp of 1850 that was supposed to settle the slavery question he reopened the debate with the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 that used popular sovereignty for new territories supported Dred Scott decision but could not be effective unless supported in territories Buchanan tried to pass fed slave code, which he battled and helped defeat--> split the Dem party |
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Duel
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duel died out after the CW
before the CW gun fights between elites and rough and tumble fights between lower class whites; honor code |
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free labor
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slavery posed a threat to white free labor in the North; free soil party; emphasized economic opportunity; supported homestead laws that would give free farms in the West
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free soil
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leadership consisted of former anti-slavery members of the Whig party and the Dem party. main purpose to oppose expansion of slavery into W, arguing free men/soil was morally/economically superior to slavery.
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Homestead Exemption
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1848-1852 18 states passed
promised to protect homes so that families no longer needed to worry that the breadwinner's bad luck or incompetence would plunge the household into destitution laws exempted the homestead from execution for certain kinds of debt, limited the owners ability to dispose of it by requiring consent of spouse to sale or mortgage, and regulated after death for fam's benefit. |
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Mexican American War
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1846-1848
Southwest escalated secessionist conflict over the expansion of slavery |
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
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1854
repeal Missouri Comp of 1821 substituted pop sovereignty for ban on slavery antislavery Congressmen saw the act as the first step in a plot to spread slavery through the W slavery question became paramount |
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Ocala Platform
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during 1880s an agricultural depression in the S and Great Plains gave rise to agrarian lobbying orgs.
National Farmers Alliance and Southern Farmers Alliance met at Ocala, FL in 1890 to demand fed relief. Demanded abolition of national banks, graduated income tax, unrestricted silver coinage, subtreasury, election of US senators by direct vote of the people 1892 organized Populist Party 1896 fused with Dem party in support of William Jennings Bryan defeated and Pop party soon disbanded |
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Popular Sovereignty
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right to territories to decide for themselves whether or not to permit slavery by popular vote
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Republican Party
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arose out of collapse of Whig Party
formed between 1854-56 anti-slavery sectional party-N free labor, republican ideology affirmation of the superior social system of the N--dynamic capitalist society |
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Dred Scott
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moved from Missouri w/ master to Illinois and Minnesota
returned to Missouri sued executor claiming sojourn made the free Sup Court dismissed case TANEY-->former slaves = not citizens; Missouri Comp unconstitutional b/c slavery could not be banned in the territories "no rights the white man was bound to respect" |
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Secession Movement
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11 states seceded
SC in 1860 TN in 1861 N: Confederacy not a sovereign nation; a rebellion initiated by individuals |
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States' rights
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each state is sovereign and should have jurisdiction over its most important affairs
rallying cry for tariffs and proposals to abolish/restrict slavery used as an arg for nullification |
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Tariff of Abominations
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1828
favored N manuf interests at expense of S farmers Jackson passed the Force Act in response to Nullification by SC, threatening military force Compromise Tariff of 1833 (Henry Clay and Calhoun) |
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Nat Turner
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led rebellion in Southhampton County, VA in 1831
slaveh tightened grip on slaves and slavery |
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Uncle Tom's Cabin
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Harriet Beecher Stowe 1852
empathize w/ enslaved |
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Denmark Vesey
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1822
former slave who had bought his freedom plot to seize Charleston inspired by Haitian Revolution supposed to go to Haiti after uprising tried and hanged restriction of emancipation laws restrictions on free blacks |
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Whig Party
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1834-54
program of national development opposed to "King Andrew Jackson" never had a definitive party program factions developed: pro-slavery v anti-slavery Compromise of 1850 estranged anti-slavery Whigs southern Whigs flocked to banner of state's rights N Whigs joined the newly formed Repub party after 1852 |
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Roger B. Taney
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Dred Scott decision
Dred Scott vs. Sandford |
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Plantation Belt Yeomanry
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outskirts of commerical market relations
wanted to become planters or remain marginal farmers cash crop |
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Upcountry Yeomanry
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diversified farmers
tenants owned tools and livestock landlessness not problematic; temp common rights allowed for accumulation of capital political independence based on material independence, buffed from capitalistic forces by slavery |
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Personal Liberty Laws
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laws passed by Northern state govs in response to Fugitive Slave Act
Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 Indiana 1824 Connecticut 1828 jury trials on appeal 1842 Sup Court rules enforcement a fed function states pass laws forbidding state authorities from enforcing considered by S an assault on states' rights |
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Wendell Phillips
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During the Civil War assailed Lincoln for not making abolition the focal point; after Emanc Proc, full support for civil liberties for freedmen
1865, president of American Anti-Slavery Society after William Lloyd Garrison resigned wrote for Garrison's Liberator |
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Appomattox
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court house, Va
Lee surrendered to Grant on April 9, 1865 after surrounded by Grant and Sheridan marks end of CW |
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Border States
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DE, MO, MD, KY
slaveholding states in Union exempt from Proclamation MD would cause DC to be surrounded by CSA Lincoln imposed martial law and suspended habeas corpus KY controlled the Ohio River's south bank; claimed neutrality until CSA messed up and invaded lower western corner MO rogue state; guerrilla warfare DE too small to matter critical to union war effort, esp KY and MD |
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Fort Sumter
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Army base in Charleston
Lincoln says resupply; backs Davis into corner Davis tries to attack before supplies arrive CSA bombarded for 33 hours surrendered on April 12, 1865 Civil War begins and so does end of slavery |
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Jefferson Davis
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opposed to secession
but advocated states' rights and ability to secede president of the CSA |
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Confederacy and the Constitution
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states' rights defined: end of yeomanry
nothing about the general welfare only states can amend Const. limited govs authority and ability to fight a united war stated that secession was illegal line-item veto 6 yr pres term mirrored 3/5 clause explicitly states that gov's cornerstone of slavery |
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Twenty Nigger Law
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one white man exempt from military service on plantations having more than 20 slaves
tensions within the confederacy right man's war; poor man's fight |
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Alexander Stephens
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VP of CSA
said slavery was the cornerstone of the confed |
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Contraband
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slaves show up at Fortress Monroe under Benjamin Butler 1861
Sherman says slaves are contraband, being used by the enemy to further the confed cause, so he uses them for union work owners are no longer subject to property rights guaranteed by the constitution; claim another nation new term for slaves puts slavery at forefront only confed slaves monroe vision of freedom for slaves |
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Crittenden Compromise
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last attempt at peace
KY senator Amend Const. to guarantee slavery where exists reinstate MO comp line Lincoln took platform against slavery expansion |
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Ulysses S. Grant
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General of Union Army
defeated CSA Vicksburg gave control of MI River, split confed and opened way for more victories captured richmond in 1865 Reconstruction remained in command of Army and implemented Congressional plans to reoccupy the South and hold new elections in 1867 with black voters Gave republicans control of Southern states As president signed and enforced civil rights laws and fought KKK violence helped Repub party rebuild the S and AA elected to Congress and state govs for the first time |
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Robert E. Lee
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He became postwar icon of "lost cause" and remains so today
1863 invasions of the N proved a strategic blunder and cost the confed control of western regions |
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Wilmot Provisio
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proposed in 1846 by rep from PA
territories gained from Mex shouldn't have slavery passed House not Senate Calhoun passed a bunch of resolutions to counter it |
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Confiscation Acts
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1st (1861) stripped owners rights to slaves in rebelling states
slaves b/c prop of US gov 2nd (1862) slaves in Union lines freed Union can seize CSA prop "bill of attainder" |
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Wade Hampton
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Confed calvary leader during CW
politician from SC afterward fought against Radical Reconstruction 1st gubernatorial candidate from South to run on platform opposing recon Savior of SC |
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Emancipation Proclamation
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January 1, 1863
freed slaves in areas of active rebellion NOT border states, NO, E. Va, TN AA can join the army Union must defeat South or slavery will not die Reconstruction is inevitable |
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Militia Act of 1862
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allowed AA to participate as war laborers and soldiers for the first time since Militia Act of 1792
seen as movement toward citizenship (failed) unequal pay until white soldiers start to refuse pay 1864 revoke pay section of Militia Act and granted equal pay |
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Wade-Davis Bill of 1864
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Joint bill by radicals and moderates
majority of adult white men swear allegiance to US constitutional convention for new state gov Each state HAD to: abolish slavery reject all CSA debt deprive all former CSA and military officers of the right to vote or hold office Lincoln vetoed though it passed in Congress he didn't want harsh peace = counterproductive |
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Mississippi Plan 1875
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Dem party to overthrow Repub party by organized threats of violence and suppression of or purchase of black vote in order to gain control of governor's office
successful |
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Compromise of 1877
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End recon
both sides (Hayes & Tilden) claim to win FL, LA, and SC Committee meets and compromise Hayes is president Republicans withdraw Republican claimants to gov offices in S Hayes w/draws tropps from S SC and LA Repub govs collapse Democrats get states in S |
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Congressional Reconstruction
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Civil Rights Act of 1866
overturns Dred Scott citizenship to native born (except NA) equal in court; property rights sets white rights as standard outlaws black codes FED gov sue people who violate |
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14th Amendment
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1866
drafted b/c CRA could be denied full citizenship to native/naturalized life, lib, prop not denied w/o due process no STATE can deny equal protection under the law Constitution relevant to everyone doc for grievances |
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Military Reconstruction
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1867
wiped out Johnson's programs divides S into 5 military districts w/ general in charge of each each state has to draft a Const acceptable to Congress (except TN ratified the 14th Amend) INCLUDE vote for all male citizens 14th Amend 1868: 6 states readmitted Impeachment Command of Army Act: all orders from Johnson go through Grant's office Tenure of Office Act: Congress has to approve removal of official they approved: Johnson retaliates by firing Staton 1 vote shy of impeaching Johnson/dangerous precedent Election of 1868: Grant elected with black vote |
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15th Amendment
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guaranteed the right to vote
white southerners angry |
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Disfranchisement
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taking away the right to vote from AA
unofficial platform of S Dems during recon property laws, grandfather & understanding clauses one of the major ways recon failed: gave rights w/o securing them |
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Federal Ratio (3/5 clause)
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compromise on taxation and representation
mirrored in the CSA constitution |
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Fence Laws
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part of industrialization of the S
ends yeomanry self-sufficiency/determination created a proletariat |
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Freedmen
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education: repubs build comprehensive school system in the S during the 1870s; longest lasting effect of recon
First black colleges open schools b/c segregated despite lack of mandates de facto vs. de jure segregation blacks form own churches some states have antidiscrimination laws and there are actually sitins this is a period of action |
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Freedmen's Bureau
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1865-69
created to combat black codes forcing blacks to work on plantations whites in S see working as working for whites North needs plantation b/c still depend on cotton US needs a plantation system technically, AA free labor but still work w/ cotton very little fin support 700 workers in whole S response to refugees following Sherman reserved abandoned plantation within 30 mi of coast Charleston to Jacksonville for Freedmen 40k people settle there given task of freeing refugees in S by using excess army supplies helps prevent starvation in S court system set up; negotiate contracts on plantation huge impact on education formal education via N philanthropy |
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Ten Percent Plan
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Lincoln's Plan
Military govs appointed to controlled states 1863: Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction: general amnesty when 10% of 1860 voters accept oath of loyalty and emanc; create a new gov Radical Republicans: resist Lincoln's plan; Thaddeus Stevens want to revolutionize S not reconcile w/ it |
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Radical Republicans
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3 goals
prevent CSA officers from regaining power Repub party powerful institution in S social equality via right to vote without votes Repub party might slip; but not malicious |
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13th Amend
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ends slavery
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14th Amend
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citizenship
equal protection under the law life liberty property due process |
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15th Amend
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right to vote
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Andrew Johnson
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presided over recon 4 years following CW
favored white S republican attack 1862 military gov of TN |
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Presidential Reconstruction
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Revised Proc of Amnesty in 1865
pardons CSA w/ oath of loyalty gives property back excludes those who owned 20k but they can apply directly for pardon (planter elite) Proclamation for NC: model; constitutional convention to revoke order of secession and ratify 13th amendment; revoke all CSA debt states control of black suffrage S voters accepted CSA officers but Congress had no power to decide qualifications of members Johnson allies with planters by end of 1865- only ones who can control AA |
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Black Codes
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required annual labor contracts
apprenticeships specific work hours license for nonagriculture jobs |
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Poll Tax
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used as de facto pre-condition for the exercise of the ability to vote
emerged in some states with Jim Crow laws disfranchisement |
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Boll Weevil
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Eats boll or bud of plant.
Spread from Mexico to TX in 1892. Infested old cotton areas by 1923. Decimated East TX, TN, and Mississippi Delta. Sharecroppers and tenants held responsible. Pushes cotton W to CA. (Pima cotton region) |
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Colored Farmers' Alliance
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advocated anti-lynching laws and black voting
established alongside Southern Farmers' Alliance (encroachment of capitalism, railroads, monopolies) more radical though: didn't believe in land ownership Racial issue separated SFA: businessmen and landowners CFA: employed by SFA members class issue manipulated as race issue: lent support to disfranchisement in 1890s It was necessary for capitalists to maintain and reinvent racial divisions in order to prevent movements such as populism from being truly effective |
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Convict Lease
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began in Recon
became in N; widespread in S during CW guaranteed supply of cheap labor sheriff's financial incentive to arrest more people, usually blacks on vaguely defined charges a way of reenslaving blacks who were not employed in subservient, low-paying jobs kept social mobility in check and preserved them as a proletarian class |
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Crop Lien
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the only way to generate credit
land not valuable without a labor force yeomanry started growing cash crops as a way to increase independence, but it effectively decreased independence (beholden to banks, businesses, and landlords) gave rise to share cropping and tenant farming, which dominated the new south another mechanism by which old, self-sufficient yeomanry was replaced by the agrarian proletariat that came into being with the new south |
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Homestead Waiver
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Homestead Exemptions existed in the antebellum South, protecting the homestead of the yeomanry from seizure for debt. The waiver allowed them to waive the homestead exemption so they could get loans for tools, seed, etc as well as foods and commodities.
Landlords and merchants would only give loans to farmers who were willing to waive homestead exemption. Loss meant that more poor farmers became landless and dependent on the cash-crop economy, which turned many into tenant/sharecrop farmers. Transformed the yeomanry into agrarian working class that followed more usual capital-labor relations of capitalism. |
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Game and Trespass Laws
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capitalist farming took over in subsistence areas
the end of common rights meant consolidated land resources in the hands of the wealthy and these new laws were one of several ways (along with waiver and crop lien) that made poor whites and poor blacks dependent on wealthy planters resistance to this gave rise to the populist movement |
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Southern Farmers' Alliance
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massive agri union that claimed as many as 2 million members by 1890
opposed to capitalist encroachment on lifestyle of rural South, esp banks, railroads, and predatory corporations believed individuals could change economy; someone blamed advocated inflation, direct election of senators, creation of income tax, regulation and pub control of rr, banks, telegraph lines. opposed monopolies, tariffs, and banking interests. advocated subtreasury system: low interest loans on crop deposits; collectively holding the crop for better prices |
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Subtreasury System
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The system allowed farmers to deposit a portion of some non-perishable crop as collateral on a cash loan. It was a commodity credit system which would theoretically free them from the crop lien system, in which the crop itself replaced currency as payment to either the cropper or the landlord. In short, it would allow them to become less dependent on the big landowners and businessmen, who were perpetuating the cash crop economy. Keep control over crop (did not benefit share croppers) and resist agri capitalism.
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Southern Literary Renaissance
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1920-1950
modernization, industrialization, experiencing overhaul of social systems due to the Great Migration, urbanization, and technological innovation. Redefinition of Southern intellectual life. For blacks, it bound together a literary and intellectual culture that cultivated community and social consciousness, planting the seeds of the civil rights movement |
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Woodrow Wilson
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1912
1st Southerner since Lincoln; not pop in Sourh wanted to win support of S Dems, so didn't interfere with race issues Identified with Progressives not popular causes S Dems supported Clayton Antitrust Act, Fed Reserve, and FCC and he banned interracial marriage, segregated DC, and fired, demoted black fed employees (post office, printing, engraving) exlcuded from land grants provided in 1914 Smith-Lever Act. Increased Progressive measures in the South: railroads, military bases, mines, westward move of cotton |
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Hookworm and Pellegra
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industrialization and dependence on exploitative capitalism
Pellegra cause lesions and deformities on skin (B12 deficiency) poor nutrituion: Southern diet of corn, mass production of cash crops instead of diversity farming Hookworm parasite bred in feces. Poor sanitation, walking barefoot in feces. Sanitary privies built in mill villages to prevent spread. |
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Agricultural Adjustment Administration
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Part of New Deal
dealt with extremely low prices for cash crops due to overproduction paid subsidies that supported the reduction of crop land. Money was invested in day laborers and mechanization, pushing tenants and croppers off the land. Pushed migrants into urban areas and the North and West. Local control to gain support for AAA. Local control put money into the hands of landowners; tenants/croppers denied part of the money. Agitated the injustices that would lead to the civil rights movement. |
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Child Labor
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Due to inc poor agri conditions, repressive social institutions, and race divisions, the S could boast of cheap labor, low unionization and lenient child labor laws, which attracted N capitalists. Child labor reformers looked in 1901. All states trying to attract industry, so had to be fed policy to work. Not until Fair Labor Standards Act that child labor was reformed on fed level.
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Great Depression
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consolidation of capital came to a stop, and the migration of people into the US was choked off as well. Unemployment skyrocketed; import and export fell rapidly. Migration to the countryside, which was already pressed to the limit. Flooding on the MI River in 1927, and the Dust Bowl in 1930 cause migration W.
Retarded recovery, but didn't change much for poor rural Southerners. People sunk from tenancy to sharecropping. New Deal relief siphoned off by local elites. Wealthy elites still exercising power over lower classes. New Deal grants right to organize. |
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Great Migration
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primarily btw the world wars. War mobilization, the lure of industrial jobs, argi modernization, and natural disasters such as the MI Flood and Dust bowl, and the encroachment of the boll weevil encouraged movement. Swing vote of blacks in the N = pay attention to electorate. changed the character of the South and weakened ties btw individuals and geographical place. Diffused S culture into national culture and vice versa. It created the conditions for the modern south as well as effecting national policy and consciousness.
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Jim Crow
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new capitalist form of racism that replaced the paternalist racism that governed social interactions in the antebellum S. Provided social recourse for subjugating blacks to position of lower-class proletariat. Began with series of Home Rule cases in 1870s , provoked by resistance to meatpacking monopoly in NO & concluded with the judgement of the 14th amend as fed power not state. Cruikshank vs. US, court affirmed the decision and in 1896, Plessy vs. Ferguson legitimized segregation.
accompanies disfranchisement. reinforced race divisions in lower class. adjustment of capitalist system to racism. sep, distinct communities. NAACP brought legal challenges to segregation. response: civil rights movement |
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MI River Flood
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1927
Army corps tries to divert river Makes it worse Planters controlled relief payments " retained labor force this way contributed to the expansion W |
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FDR
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New Deal
aimed to provide recovery via crop reduction with the AAA and infrastructure such as hydroelectric power with the TVA. depended on alliances with S Dems hesitated on civil rights issues transformation of the south into "modern" era by mechanization, consolidation S Dems soured on New Deal for protection of unions, as S industry ran on cheap labor drew blacks into Dem camp giving them more power as a political block |
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Atlanta Compromise of 1895
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Atlanta Cotton States and International Exhibition
significance: disfranchisement focus on industrial education: crafts renunciation of political aspirations of the Negro |
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Booker T. Washington
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Atlanta Compromise
criticized by Du Bois powerful from 1895 until death in 1915 controlled N philanthropy effected the politics of Negros during his time |
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Mississippi Plan of 1890
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constitutional disfranchisement
literacy tests poll taxes grandfather clauses understanding clauses |
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Plessy v. Ferguson
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upheld the legality of segregation
established "Separate but equal" doctrine |
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Understanding Clause
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loophole for poor white people
understand or interpret state constitution read to them |
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WEB Du Bois
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1905, 1910
critical of Washington's policies established the Niagara Movement, which was the predecessor of the NAACP in 1905 In 1910, he moved to NYC and became the first black official in the NAACP, which was est in 1909. political rights, discrimination, injustice, and education |
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Tuskegee Institute
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1895-1915
Washington appointed in 1881 becomes prom in politics in 1895 political,education, social philosophy grounded in craft production --> independence self-made man as hero of race did not take into account realities of modern industry effected all aspects of AA life in the country in politics controlled northern cap |
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White basis (proportional representation)
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Universal white manhood suffrage prevailed by 1860, no prop qualifications
Black Belt had been restored to power after Recon Populist party sought to oppose domination disfranchisement at heart of issue. |
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White Primary
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1915 all states direct primary
one of the demands of Progressive reformers in the one party system nomination meant election primary part of pledge to give white men more say in politics after disfranchisement supposed to restore pop control poll taxes and literacy tests = no outlawed by supreme court leading to surge in black votes in 1944 |
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Redeemers
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took over S gov after Recon ended in 1877
Recon failed; AA not capable of citizenship Old S supported planter New S supported business conscious effort to curtail democracy lower classes should be subordinate retrenchment of gov and centralized power in hands of governors education viewed as recon effort, fostered illiteracy through reductions |
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Tom Watson
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Populist politician from GA who represented popular insurgency of a multiracial coalition that is vanquished by violence.
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Populists
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multiracial coalition on behalf of common man
manipulation of black vote, fraud, and violence removed Populists from the three-party system |
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Solid South
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control by white Dem party from 1877 to 1964
through miss plan south as a major block of political power |
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Grandfather clause
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anyone whose grandfather was entitled to vote on 1867 (Jan 1), could vote exempt from property tax and literacy tests
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Game Fence Trespass Laws
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1759 Act required fencing of crops
1872 game laws began in black belt 1880 game laws standard in black belt 1872 fence laws in black belt 1890s most areas had both 1872 in upcountry local option statue deployed fence law reform at district level cut off traditional means of self-sufficiency and cap accum tied blacks to land same effect on unlanded whites system of dependency politicized discontent through pop movement created proletariat and opposition to it trespass laws transformed fence/game into property rights for the landowner |
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Ella Baker
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1960 SNCC
NAACP: middleclass interests SCLC: gendered hierarchy represented change in the direct action of the civil rights movement underlines the role of community organizing tradition in mounting an effective campaign against disfranchisement and Jim Crow |
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Brown v. Board
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overturned Plessy
did not end segregation tokenism met with massive resistance policy of Senator Byrd. Intended to united white politicians against deseg and even clsoe down schools as alt. Interposition: rational for ignoring decision. State can ignore/ goes back to Jefferson Officials punished for integrating private schools attempts to privatize the Dem party so no jurisdiction of Sup court |
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
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legistlatively deseg hotels, rest, theaters, adn placed engaged in interstate commerce
deseg of schools barred unequal application of voter registration measures (did not remove them) prevented discrim by gov agencies receiving fed funds had to force at local level testing committee in Greenwood Silas McGhee Sat in forcing them to go without patrons or serve them Holiday Inn caved after one month Memberships, privatization, and higher prices for AA were means of circumventing the law |
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Medgar Evers
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WWII 1946 came back to MI
organized for NAACP in 1952 assassinated in 1963 his funeral sparked riots prosecutor tried for conviction but he Byron de la Beckwith's trial ended in hung jury Boycott in Jackson just before shooting change in status quo of tolerating violence crowd at protest of his shooting could not be intimidated by attack dogs or police |
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Freedom Summer
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1964
organized by COFO and SNCC to register as many voters as possible and put the spotlight on Mississippi. NAACP and SCLC not for the program but provided support. NAACP had been opposed. Freedom Schools had been est to focus on Citizenship rights as focus. National attention when white students were at stake. Pressure of fed gov to take a stand on civil rights, violence, and segregation. FBI investigates murders of voter registration volunteers |
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Montgomery Improvement Association
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1955
founded by black ministers and community leaders in montgomery, Alabama under leadership of edgar nixon and MLK, MIA instrumental in mounting the bus boycott. national attention focused on segregation in the South and capitulated King into the spotlight. Founded to continue one day boycott by NAACP after Rosa Parks was arrested for not giving up her seat. Organized carpools. NAACP financial backing. MLK no enemies; new to Montgomery. became one of founding orgs of SCLC |
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SCLC
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1957
arose out of MIA potential base for doing something (the boycott) S based org that could counterbalance far off NAACP organize and support non-violent direct action protests such as marches and boycotts to deseg bus systems across S depended on centralized leadership in 1961 took over Citizenship Schools Esau Jenkins and Septima Clark started on Sea Islands in 1954 goal to create involved citizens uplift self get people involved directly broader system of deseg and franchisment led to birmingham campaign and th wash march |
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SNCC
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1960
grew out of series of lectures by Ella Baker at Shaw University in Ralieght response to Congress for Racial Equality) trying to take over movement voter registration and direct action young people; sophistication forced older organizations to support direct action campaigns |
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MLK
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1955 bus boycott
clandestine bombing of house, arrested 1963 March on Washington "I have a Dream Speech" criticized for being too conservative and to radical |
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KKK
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terror and intimidation campaigns across S
Red Shirts pulled down and beat Pop Party members secured white democratic rule New lynching as a weapon after WWII clandestine nature still maintained death lists, assassinated people, but did it in the dark not out in the open Emmett Till = public outcry Culture of violence necessary to maintain rule. 1964 highway patrol against klan indicating change away from violent status quo. |
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A. Phillip Randolph
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1948, year Truman desegs the military
30s and 40s organizer of civil rights campaigns. Organized the March on Washington Movement, which King adopted. Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. Focus = labor and deseg of Armed forces paved the way for future civil rights leaders |
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Voting Rights Act
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1965
fed registrars into the S Outlawed lit tests not poll taxes 24th Amendment outlawed poll taxes in fed elections state/local abolished in Harper vs. Board of Elections directly outlawed major disfranchisement mechanisms. |
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White Citizen's Councils
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1954
agenda of Klan with demeanor of Rotary economic reprisals arose to 1954 Brown ruling promoted understanding clause intimidation often followed their campaigns connections in fed agencies = IRS audits trouble getting credit evictions increasing national scrutiny lost influence in 1964 violence no longer an effective weapon nation/states no longer accept violence |
