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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Jahiliya
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“Age of Ignorance”, time before Islam had been brought to man (before Qur’an). Exception for Jews and Christians (monotheistic): Progressive Revelation.
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Ka’ba
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The most holy structure in the Muslim religion. Islamic tradition, built by Abraham, in Mecca. Was used for polytheistic worship but now is center of the Muslim world and the direction in which they pray
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Hijra
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Emigration from Mecca to Medina, asked to come mediate a dispute. 622 ad, starts Muslim calendar. DEFINES THEM AS A SEPARATE COMMUNITY (unity!).
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Qur’an
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Recitation. Is meant to be heard, holiest text of Islam, revealed from 610-632 to Muhammad. Everything you do is before God, no one will stand for you on judgment day.
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Sunna
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Literally means “trodden path”, means “way of the prophet”, “correct precedent”. Those religious actions that were instituted by the prophet Muhammad during his 23 years of ministry. SUNNIS.
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hadith
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Are oral traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Hadith collections are regarded as important tools for determining the Sunna, or Muslim way of life, by all traditional schools of jurisprudence. Statement, action, or consent of someone else’s action given by the prophet.
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jihad
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‘holy war’ is usual translation. Really: struggling in the way of God. Not necessarily about violence, 12th century rules were made that you can jihad when war is on only.
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Caliph
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Political job with religious executive privilege, does not interpret Islamic law. Shi’ia. Lower case caliph is a general title for both sects, upper case is specific to Shi’ia.
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Imam
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Part of ulama, ‘those who know’, not a priesthood, role is as a guide (schooling imam). Pacesetter of the prayer. Ideal of the unity of the community. Sunni.
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Five Pillars
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1) Prayer 5x a day. 2) Profession of faith-‘There is no God but God and Muhammad is the Messenger of God’. 3) Haj to Mecca (if you can afford it and are healthy enough). 4) Paying zakat-almsgiving, 2.5% of income ‘maintenance of the poor’. 5) Fast of Ramadan=Sawm-No food, drink, smoking, sex, during daylight hours.
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Shari’a
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‘the straight path’, ‘God’s law’, an ideal (inherently unattainable). Source of legislative authority belongs with God.
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fiqh
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Human attempt to get to (implement) Shari’a.
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usul al-fiqh
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Human interpretive exercise. Roots of the sources of fiqh, what Muslims use to approach/understand/interpret fiqh.
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madhhab
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Legal school of thought that will guide you usul al-fiqh (difference here on what is consensus, etc., aka between different schools like Hanifi, etc.).
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fatwa
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Legal opinion, not binding!, interpretation of usul al-fiqh. Question and answer.
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mufti
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Person qualified and capable of issuing a fatwa. Must follow rules of one school of thought, use correctly. Person given fatwa must accept mufti, they will ultimately be called to judgment. Person stands outside of the court
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qadi
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Judge in court of Islamic law. No investigative power of enforcement mechanisms, weighs evidence. Need 4 adult male witnesses.
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Battle of Karbala/Ashura
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680. Ali’s followers vs. Umayyad caliphate, fought in present-day Iraq. Ali’s group was soundly defeated, all men killed and women and children taken hostage. Wikipedia: “In Islamic history the battle of Karbala is considered a battle between two opposing worldviews which had started to develop after the demise of Prophet Muhammad. These two different ways of viewing the world have their genesis in the way Muslims reacted to the increasing wealth coming into the Islamic countries as a result of conquests. To the ruling Bani Umayyah clan, the increasing wealth and power gave a false sense of glory and they started disregarding the teachings of the Noble Quran and the Prophet’s sunnat.” Ashura=day of mourning for Ali by the Shi’ia.
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Caliph
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Lower case=general religious and political leader of the Islamic community
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Imam
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Shi’ia. The Shi'a believe that an Imam is someone who is able to lead mankind in all aspects of life. In addition, Shi'a believe that an Imam is a perfect example in everything. According to the Shi'a, an Imam is a leader who must be followed since he is appointed by Allah (God).
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Zaydi
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Shi’ia Islam, true Imams=line of Fatima and Ali, but have asserted and stood up for faith (usually violent revolution, set up state in Yemen), you can have multiple at a time.
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Twelvers
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Dominant Shi’ia. Unbroken succession line, all Imams are murdered in really nasty ways 12th hidden Imam who doesn’t die but is not visible. He will come back at the end of days to restore peace and justice in preparation for Jesus and judgment day.
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Mahdi
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Hidden 12th Imam who will come 7, 9, or 19 years before the end of the world and prepare the way for Jesus by bringing peace to the world.
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Ayatollah
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Shi’ia. High ranking given to clerics. “sign of God”, very well educated and usually teach in Islamic seminaries.
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Marja-i-taqlid
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Unquestioning acceptance of Islamic canon of law (precedent and opinions with Shari’ia).
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ghayba
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concealment, idea of the concealed 12th Imam being alive in the world but invisible
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Shi’a
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Ali is true caliph, others are usurpers. Imam is purely religious leaders, divinely inspired as more than a human.
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ahl al-bayt
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“People of the House”, the family of Muhhamad. To Shia Muslims, the Ahl al-Bayt or household of Muhammad refers to his daughter Fatima al-Zahra, his successor, son-in-law, and cousin Ali, their two sons Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali, and the Imamah (Shia doctrine) from the lineage of Husayn ibn Ali and Hasan ibn Ali's daughter. To Sunni Muslims,the Ahl al Bayt or household of Muhammad refers to his daughter Hazrat Fatima(Taiba,Tahira)son in law(and cousin) Hazrat Ali,their two sons hazrat Imam Hassan and Hazrat Imam Hussain
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‘isma
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the infallibility of the Imams in Shi'a Islam (the Imams are faultless)
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Sunni
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Means literally those Muslims who follow the customs of the community, predominant form of Islam. Accept validity of Rashidun caliphate and successors. Caliphs as mortals with no divine powers. Caliph is more political executive, a few religious duties.
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Rashidun Caliphs
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632-661. ‘Rightly guided’ caliphs, Abu Bakr and his 3 successors-Umar, Uthman, Ali. Recognized thus due to their closeness to the Prophet and their presumed adherence to Quranic regulations.
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Umayyad Caliphate
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2nd caliphate, 661-750. Founded by Mu’awiyah, political center transferred from Mecca to Damascus. Troubled by internal dissention, favored Arabs revolution in 750.
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Abbasid Caliphate
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3rd caliphate. 750-1258. Development of infrastructure, commercial ventures, legal system. Time of renaissance, capital moved again to Baghdad. Vibrancy, wealth.
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ghazi
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Person who engages in lesser jihad to expand the boundaries of Islam-spread lands under Islam’s control, not necessarily convert people.
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ulama
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Generally, Muslim clergy (NOT priests!), but specifically can be Muslim religious scholars who oversee implementation of shari’ia…can be specified into muftis, etc.
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Sufi
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Mystical version of Islam, influence Sunnis.
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Ottoman Dynasty
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1299?-1918=Ottoman Empire. Beginning with Osman I though the dynasty was not proclaimed until 1383 when Murad I declared himself sultan.
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Bayezid I
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Ottoman ruler, 1389-1402, “The Thunderbolt”, fantastic charismatic leader, very smart, great ruler. Spends lots of his rule reconquering lots of are his grandfather and father already conquered and Hungary.
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devshirme
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Tax, Bayezid I 1395, acquiring janissaries. Decree go and collect slaves for Ottoman households. Focuses usually on Balkan Christian population. Soon people start bribing their way devshrime to raise standard of living. Prevent regional identity and familial connections. System totally broke down by 1600s, eliminated 1637.
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millet
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Community (almost always local) based on religion in Ottoman Empire. Muslims interact with non-Muslims based on these. Own people of religions (not Ottomans) define millets. W/in millets people are responsible for own charity, conflict resolution, etc. Disputes of people from different religions go to Qanun. 2-nd class status but full religious autonomy. More neighborhood based. In effect all through empire.
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Janissaries
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Highly trained slave soldiers askeri through devshrime, Ottomans.
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Halil Pasha
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Ottoman bureaucrat, really mad about Mehmet II ruling, gets Murad II(Mehmet II’s dad) back on throne out of retirement until he dies (1421-1451).
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Safavid dynasty
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1501-1722. Focuses on East and South Persia (Iran). Telegraphs and railroads help centralize. Are powerful in leveraging resources, not huge political control. Predominately Twelver Shi’ia. No millet system, foreigners work with Shah treated as foreigners with no capitulations. Isfahan=capital.
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Pir
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Master in Sufi movement, role is to guide and instruct others on the Sufi path.
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Qizilbash
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Turkish for "Red Heads" - name given to a wide variety of Shi'ite militant groups who helped found the Safavid dynasty of Iran. The name "Red Heads" is derived from their distinct headwear with twelve points (indicating their adherence to the twelve Ithnāashari Imams.), a reference to their Sufi grandmaster Sheikh Haydar Ṣafawī.
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Isma’il I (Safavid)
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1501-1524. Hidden away in Gilan in isolation until 13 years old. Gilan=Twlever Shi’ia, so Isma’il 1499 came out of isolation to be head of Safavid Sufi order. Argued he was Sufi pir such knowledge of God that he is part of God, HE IS GOD. Conquests, makes Twelver Shi’ia state religion, very successful, 1501= start of Safavid Empire with Isma’il crowned Shah. After Chaldiran, must enforce Twelver Shi’ism to aid legitimacy.
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Selim I, the Grim
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1512-1520. Ottoman ruler. Very focused on state control and worried about Egypt and Persian advances (Safavids in the East).
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Battle of Chaldiran
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1514. Decisive victory for the Ottomans over Safavids. Ottomans got NW Iran. Ottomans use gunpowder. Isma’il vs. Selim I. Isma’il was invincible but since God doesn’t lose battles, he must reconfigure state focus shifts S and Eastwards (as opposed to Turkish homelands).
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Suleiman the Magnificent
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1520-1566, Ottoman. Annexed most of the Middle East, Ottoman navy dominated Mediterranean to Indian Ocean. 1529, got all the way to the gates of Vienna. Reformed some, implemented strict legal codes.
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Shah ‘Abbas I
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Shah of Iran. Reversed the decline of the Safavids and represents the high point in their empire. Built up slave army and designated Isfahan as the capital, transforming the city. Set up political and military structures that enabled the empire to last an extra 100 years.
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Qajar dynasty
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1796-1925. After Treaty of Turkomanchai have to consult British and Russians before they make any decisions due to Most Favored Nation statuses. Iran.
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Abbas Mirza
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: Iranian governor of part of Persia under his father Fath Ali Shah (1798-1834). Got Azerbajan (and present Armenia, Caspian Sea coast) and ruled from 1808 until death in 1833. Dealt with neighbors, Ottomans, Russians, British. Got into the 1st Russo-Persian War and 2nd one, signed fateful Treaty of Turkomanchai.
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Treaty of Gulistan
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1813. Qajar dynasty (Iran) treaty to pay Russians (ended 1st Russo-Persian War, 1810-1813), control of Caspian Sea Russia, get part of Iran (Azerbajan) but don’t actually define borders which leads to encroachment. Abbas is not happy, pressured to attack Russians.
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Treaty of Turkomanchai
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1828. ***Point where things started going wrong for Iranians***. After losing 2nd Russo-Persian war, Russians have limits on tariffs (so goods are cheaper than Iranian goods), pay Russian, EXTRATERRITORIALITY Russians = loss of sovereignty and loss of independence (b/c Most Favored Nation eventually leads to giving UK and Fr extraterritorialities).
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Constantinople/Istanbul
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Located on the Bosphorous Straight, “Golden Horn”. On May 29, 1453, Sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror" captured Constantinople after a 53–day siege and proclaimed that the city was now the new capital of his Ottoman Empire. 1453=called Istanbul generally, officially declared Istanbul in 1930 by Ataturk.
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Qanun
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Legal system used by the Ottoman state, parallel to Shari’ia. Rules of evidence are so strict under Shari’ia so this is a legitimate supplement. Eventually expands as shari’ia coverage shrinks only personal status.
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firman
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Is a royal mandate or decree issued by a sovereign in certain historical Islamic states, including the Ottoman Empire, Mughal Empire, and Iran under Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi.
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waqf
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Pious endowment that pays for mosques and ulamas, schools, etc. Mahmud took it completely under state control.
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askeri/re’aya
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Elites, ruling class, military folk, know Turkish Arabic Persian, participate in Ottoman high culture/ “the flock”, pay taxes, exist so can be askeri.
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dereby
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“mountain lord”, notables in Anatolia and Balkans.
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Qajar dynasty
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1796-1925. After Treaty of Turkomanchai have to consult British and Russians before they make any decisions due to Most Favored Nation statuses.
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Abbas Mirza
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Iranian governor of part of Persia under his father Fath Ali Shah (1798-1834). Got Azerbajan (and present Armenia, Caspian Sea coast) and ruled from 1808 until death in 1833. Dealt with neighbors, Ottomans, Russians, British. Got into the 1st Russo-Persian War and 2nd one, signed fateful Treaty of Turkomanchai.
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Treaty of Gulistan
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1813. Qajar dynasty (Iran) treaty to pay Russians (ended 1st Russo-Persian War, 1810-1813), control of Caspian Sea Russia, get part of Iran (Azerbajan) but don’t actually define borders which leads to encroachment. Abbas is not happy, pressured to attack Russians.
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Treaty of Turkomanchai
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1828. ***Point where things started going wrong for Iranians***. After losing 2nd Russo-Persian war, Russians have limits on tariffs (so goods are cheaper than Iranian goods), pay Russian, EXTRATERRITORIALITY Russians = loss of sovereignty and loss of independence (b/c Most Favored Nation eventually leads to giving UK and Fr extraterritorialities).
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Constantinople/Istanbul
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: Located on the Bosphorous Straight, “Golden Horn”. On May 29, 1453, Sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror" captured Constantinople after a 53–day siege and proclaimed that the city was now the new capital of his Ottoman Empire. 1453=called Istanbul generally, officially declared Istanbul in 1930 by Ataturk.
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Qanun
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: Legal system used by the Ottoman state, parallel to Shari’ia. Rules of evidence are so strict under Shari’ia so this is a legitimate supplement. Eventually expands as shari’ia coverage shrinks only personal status.
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firman
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: Is a royal mandate or decree issued by a sovereign in certain historical Islamic states, including the Ottoman Empire, Mughal Empire, and Iran under Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi.
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waqf
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Pious endowment that pays for mosques and ulamas, schools, etc. Mahmud took it completely under state control.
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askeri/re’aya
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: Elites, ruling class, military folk, know Turkish Arabic Persian, participate in Ottoman high culture/ “the flock”, pay taxes, exist so can be askeri.
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dereby
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“mountain lord”, notables in Anatolia and Balkans
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Shaykh al-Islam
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: Highest ranking Mulim scholar (Istanbul), allied with Janissaries. Issued fatwa condemning Selim’s reforms.
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Selim III
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1789-1807, Ottoman. Interested in France, comes to the throne right as Louis XVI is deposed through revolution. Singular goal of reforms=to beat Europeans when they come. Tries to reform Janissaries in midst of war with Russia, attempts to eliminate tax farming. Is removed from power by the army who wants to stop change and reinstitute old ways.
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Mahmud II
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1808-1839, Ottoman Sultan. Put on throne by those who did want reforms after brother Mustafa was removed, kills Mustafa and Selim. Spends 15 years quietly appointing new people and eventually overthrows Janissaries. Goes after ulama and reforms army.
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Muhammad Ali
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1805-1839, Egyptian. Very capable ruler, commands Albanian forces, ulama form alliance behind him, still technically under Ottoman provincial control. Slaughters Mamluks in 1811 to insure that his family rules Egypt until 1952 (yep). **Unintentionally creates structures that later Egyptian nationalism** Thinks of himself as Ottoman not Egyptian. 1820 conscripts peasants for slave army.
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reform movements
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Attempts to reform janissaries, tax farming. Most successful in official Tanzimat, but really came too late. Certain sultans drain national funds to reform infrastructure and bankrupt the nation in the process, screwing themselves over. Centralizes control.
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Qajar dynasty
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1796-1925. After Treaty of Turkomanchai have to consult British and Russians before they make any decisions due to Most Favored Nation statuses.
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Abbas Mirza
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Iranian governor of part of Persia under his father Fath Ali Shah (1798-1834). Got Azerbajan (and present Armenia, Caspian Sea coast) and ruled from 1808 until death in 1833. Dealt with neighbors, Ottomans, Russians, British. Got into the 1st Russo-Persian War and 2nd one, signed fateful Treaty of Turkomanchai.
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Treaty of Gulistan
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1813. Qajar dynasty (Iran) treaty to pay Russians (ended 1st Russo-Persian War, 1810-1813), control of Caspian Sea Russia, get part of Iran (Azerbajan) but don’t actually define borders which leads to encroachment. Abbas is not happy, pressured to attack Russians.
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Treaty of Turkomanchai
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1828. ***Point where things started going wrong for Iranians***. After losing 2nd Russo-Persian war, Russians have limits on tariffs (so goods are cheaper than Iranian goods), pay Russian, EXTRATERRITORIALITY Russians = loss of sovereignty and loss of independence (b/c Most Favored Nation eventually leads to giving UK and Fr extraterritorialities).
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Constantinople/Istanbul
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: Located on the Bosphorous Straight, “Golden Horn”. On May 29, 1453, Sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror" captured Constantinople after a 53–day siege and proclaimed that the city was now the new capital of his Ottoman Empire. 1453=called Istanbul generally, officially declared Istanbul in 1930 by Ataturk.
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Qanun
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: Legal system used by the Ottoman state, parallel to Shari’ia. Rules of evidence are so strict under Shari’ia so this is a legitimate supplement. Eventually expands as shari’ia coverage shrinks only personal status.
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firman
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: Is a royal mandate or decree issued by a sovereign in certain historical Islamic states, including the Ottoman Empire, Mughal Empire, and Iran under Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi.
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waqf
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Pious endowment that pays for mosques and ulamas, schools, etc. Mahmud took it completely under state control.
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askeri/re’aya
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: Elites, ruling class, military folk, know Turkish Arabic Persian, participate in Ottoman high culture/ “the flock”, pay taxes, exist so can be askeri.
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dereby
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“mountain lord”, notables in Anatolia and Balkans
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Shaykh al-Islam
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: Highest ranking Mulim scholar (Istanbul), allied with Janissaries. Issued fatwa condemning Selim’s reforms.
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Selim III
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1789-1807, Ottoman. Interested in France, comes to the throne right as Louis XVI is deposed through revolution. Singular goal of reforms=to beat Europeans when they come. Tries to reform Janissaries in midst of war with Russia, attempts to eliminate tax farming. Is removed from power by the army who wants to stop change and reinstitute old ways.
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Mahmud II
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1808-1839, Ottoman Sultan. Put on throne by those who did want reforms after brother Mustafa was removed, kills Mustafa and Selim. Spends 15 years quietly appointing new people and eventually overthrows Janissaries. Goes after ulama and reforms army.
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Muhammad Ali
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1805-1839, Egyptian. Very capable ruler, commands Albanian forces, ulama form alliance behind him, still technically under Ottoman provincial control. Slaughters Mamluks in 1811 to insure that his family rules Egypt until 1952 (yep). **Unintentionally creates structures that later Egyptian nationalism** Thinks of himself as Ottoman not Egyptian. 1820 conscripts peasants for slave army.
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reform movements
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Attempts to reform janissaries, tax farming. Most successful in official Tanzimat, but really came too late. Certain sultans drain national funds to reform infrastructure and bankrupt the nation in the process, screwing themselves over. Centralizes control.
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Tanzimat
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1839-1876. Trends of this continue all the way until collapse of the Ottoman Empire. Strengthen Ottoman state to stem off Western encroachment. It starts to work: helps economy to grow (concentrated in agricultural products: cash crops), $ is being concentrated at the top (disjuncture in society).
-More education, levels of literacy. -More press, telegraph mass awareness of politics, mass movements. -RAILROADS. -Central government is now dependent on local notables for power, is more intrusive on people’s everyday lives. -RESULT: Centralizes control! |
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Hatt-i Sharif of Gulhane
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Official proclamation starting Tanzimat in 1839.
-#1) Guarantees life, honor, property of every citizen. -#2) No tax farming. -#3) Try to create Ottoman nationalism: conscription throughout the empire and everyong (regardless of religion) is eligible. -#4) Get rid of millets-religious equality across the empire (won’t really stick). |
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nizam-I jedid
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“new order”, part of Tanzimat. Reforms to troops and bureaucracy, creates parallel (European style) army to janissaries. Modern new artillery.
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Serasker
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Highest Ottoman military rank in the nineteenth century. Created in 1826, the officer of serasker represented the head of the Ottoman military. During the Tanzimat reorganization of government from 1839–1876, the serasker became a powerful figure, in control of his own treasury. The power of the serasker was reduced by Sultan Abdülhamit II, and was renamed minister of war in the early twentieth century.
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Jamal al-Din al-Afghani
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Pan-Islamism with Abduh. 1839-1897. Call for direct action in the name of Islamic solidarity, really the leader of Pan-Islamism. Antiimperialist. One of leaders of protest against Tobacco Concession. UNITY AND ACTION=core precepts. Exiled from pretty much every country but still very influential. Political agitation!
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Muhammad Abduh
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1849-1905. Afghani’s most famous disciple. Focused a lot more on intellectual inquiry and institutional reform. Worked mainly in Egypt, reformed shari’iah courts. Chief Islamic official in Egypt. Muslims do not have to choose between being Muslim and being modern, the 2 go hand-in-hand
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Suez Canal
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Opened 1869. de Lesseps got concession. Became pivot of UK imperialist foreign policy during 19th century, passage first to India then to oil in Iran. Bankrupts Egyptian state. Runs between Mediterranean and Red Seas. British control, owns 40% of company in charge (1879 on).
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Ferdinand de Lesseps
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: French consul in Alexandria, knew Sa’id as a child. Tricked Sa’id into giving him the entire concession for Suez (1854). Concessions gets most of cost, all labor, 100,00 Egyptians die in digging canal, and he gets all the profits. Egypt racks up huge debts.
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Abdul Hamid II
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1876-1909, Ottoman ruler. Wary of political situation of the time paranoia. Seeks to undo any limits on his power or control (full fruition of Tanzimat). Leads to hundreds of thousands of police informers, no free press, squelches 2 rebellions.
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Committee of Union and Progress/Young Turks
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Turkish ruling power 1909-end of WWI. Reformist political party that fought against the oppression of Hamid initially. Became increasingly oppressive after 1913. Committed to the concept of Ottomanism. Stressed the role of sultan as caliph and used Islamic symbols to buttress own claims of legitimacy. Later on they recognized importance of Turkish identity as core of Ottomanism-Pan Turkism. Undermined traditional system of notables.
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Public Debt Commission
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1876 est. Isma’il agreed to set it up to placate creditors b/c was bankrupt. 4 representative from European creditor nations to oversee Egypt paying back its loans, and 1 French and 1 British official put in Egyptian government to oversee expenditures. Direct intervention.
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Law of Liquidation
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1880, issued by Tawfiq, est. Egypt’s consolidated debt at 98.4 mil pounds and set up procedure for regular annual payments on the debt. Payments given priority over all other state expenditures, took up 60% of national budget.
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‘Urabi Revolt
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1879-1882, Egypt. Police join revolt, non-violent with very little resistance. British work with weak sultan and threaten to intervene. British naval commander unilaterally decides to bombard Alexandria (July 1882).
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Majlis
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The Iranian parliament, legislature. Until revolution, was also the name of the lower house of Iranian legislature.
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capitulations
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Extraterritoriality and trade rights for European citizens (16th century).
-Try to encourage business. -Violate local laws=tried by own government (going off millet system) -Works beginning of 18th century. -Later, foreign powers try to extend it to be that French=all Catholics, etc. -Don’t have to pay taxes, tariffs, customs ( economic inequalities!) - European powers as bad! |
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concessions
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Granted exclusive trade control over one economic activity for a specific period of time to one person or company. Weak governments led to abuses. Biggest example: Suez Canal.
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Isma’il (Egypt
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1863-1879. Comes to the throne during economic boom (b/c US cotton is out of production), so uses $ to build infrastructure, even borrowing more than he already has of surplus Public Debt Commission. 1879 is forced to sell his shares in Suez to British gov’t, tries new economic plan but commission makes him declare bankruptcy. Is nationalist, so UK force him off the throne.
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Lord Cromer (Evelyn Baring
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British viceroy of Egypt for 20 years-1883-1907. Used Isma’il’s original plan to get out of debt but this sets Egypt WAY back: no infrastructure, only cotton, no education. Colonial and imperial control: ‘liberate’ women, get rid of the veil.
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al-Urwah al-Wuthqa
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In 1884, al-Afghani began publishing an Arabic newspaper in Paris entitled al-Urwah al-Wuthqa. The newspaper called for a return to the original principles and ideals of Islam, and for greater unity among Islamic peoples. This, al-Afghani argued, would allow the Islamic community to regain its former strength against European powers
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Pan Islamism
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Afghani. Argues that modernization and Westernization are 2 separate things-technology and science are morally neutral. Wants to unify Islamic world and kick out Europeans (mainly British). Late 1800s.
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Enver Pasha
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PASHAS=YOUNG TURKS. Exiled in Salonica, army major. Sees unqualified people in military, talks with Talat Pasha finds Jamal Pasha forms core of CUP!
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Talat Pasha
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CUP/Young Turks. With Enver, likes Germans in WWI and approach them as part of the CUP in secret from rest of government. July 28, 1914 they propose defensive alliance with Germany (secret, officially signed August 2).
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Jamal Pasha
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CUP/Young Turks. 1915 goes from Syria to try and take Suez while British are preoccupied in Europe. British can’t live with no oil route from Iran, so respond with Gallipoli
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Nasir al-Din Shah
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1848-1896, Qajar ruler (Iran). Plays UK and Russia off each other. Gives major concessions b/c he is broke. Almost gives everything to de Reuters but even British say it is too much. Assasinated by follower of Afghani b/c Tobacco concession revolt.
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Muzaffar al-Din Shah
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Qajar, old, doesn’t rule long (1896-1907) constitutional movement of 1906-1911.
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constitution
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1906. Iranian, reformers believed that constitutional government was key ingredient to building a strong and progressive Iranian nation. Competing ideas/interests of ulama, bazaaris, and political reformers. Never really worked until reforms after WWI.
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Tobacco Concession
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1890. Nasir gave concession over ALL tobacco (every single part of production process) Imperial Tobacco Company of Persia: General Talbot (UK citizen). INCREDIBLE dissent w/in Iran, concessions taken back in 1892 (revolt 1890-1892).
-Most concessions had been over new economic areas but this one was over a previously established area = CRAP. |
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William D’Arcy
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British guy who got concession for ALL oil exploration in Southern ½ of Iran. Eventually finds oil in 1908 (near Iraq), but while looking runs out of $ so British gov’t bails him out by buying 40% of his company! Eventually BP, find HUGE amounts of oil.
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Gallipoli
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Feb 1915-January 1916. Winston Churchill’s response to Jamal Pasha trying to take Suez, trying to draw Ottoman army away from Suez. 250,00 war casualties on each side.
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Sharif Husayn
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Emir of Mecca 1908-1916 then king of the Hijaz. Led revolt against Ottomans during WWI, corresponded with Britsh McMahon, led to false promises of Arab national homeland. Was mad over loss of sovereignty, so allied with British (T.E. Lawrence) to disrupt Hijaz Railway, is later declared king of the Hijaz.
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Amir Faysal
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Sharif’s son. Convinced by T.E. Lawrence. Declares Arab Kingdom, is King of Syria until French invade and eject him. King of Iraq 1921-1933. Arab nationalism.
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T.E. Lawrence
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1888-1935. Convinces Amir Faysal and Abbdulah not to take Medina first, guerrilla campaign against Hijaz railway is much better. Dec 1917, British take Jerusalem.
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McMahon-Husayn letters
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McMahon promised Husayn Arab national state, but they disagreed over area west of Damascus, so left that vague to be decided after WWI. People are still mad.
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Sykes-Picot
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1916. UK and France meet to divide Ottomans and Iran. SECRET until Lenin spills the beans to everyone after Bolsheviks.
-Russia: Istanbul, Dardenelles. -Italians: Anatolia. -UK: Iran India, Mesopotamia. -France: Syria. -International Zone: Jerusalem. |
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Treaty of Sevres
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10 August 1920, peace treaty of WWI between Ottomans and Allies, divided up Ottoman Empire between European powers. Didn’t really matter b/c France, Russia, Britain had already secretly been meeting at San Remo to partition the Ottomans. All parts of the treaty were nulled during the Turkish War of Independence and so they signed and ratified Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 anyway.
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