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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Explain the role of the YMCA in the globalization of American sporting practices. |
YMCA instructors created the games of basketball and volleyball and spread American sports around the world as athletic missionaries promoting their Protestant religious beliefs. |
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Explain the importance of the Black Sox scandal. |
Baseball, as the national game, was considered to be a symbol of American cultural values and a primary means of assimilating immigrants. The Black Sox scandal destroyed the myth/belief of American exceptionalism. |
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Was the Progressive Movement successful? Why or why not? |
Largely successful in the assimilation of ethnic immigrants; but unsuccessful in perfecting society and global peace efforts . |
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Why did the United States need heroes during the 1920s? |
Devastation of idealistic beliefs in World War I, Black Sox scandal, American isolationism |
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Why was the 1920s considered the Golden Age of sports? |
Newspapers and radio created a celebrity culture focused on heroes. |
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How has sports journalism changed since the 1920s? |
Celebrity can be achieved through both positive and negative portrayals. Athletes are no longer sanitized for public consumption. |
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How did Tex Rickard affect the American sporting culture? |
Million dollar boxing spectacles, brought ice hockey to the US, horse racing and dog racing to Florida |
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Why was Knute Rockne important to American identity? |
He represented the American dream of social mobility to immigrants, became the model for the modern coach, an personified the assimilation of ethnics, and the incorporation of Catholics into the mainstream society. |
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Explain the social significance of the Gene Tunney-Jack Dempsey bouts of the 1920s. |
Tunney represented the middle class and Dempsey the working class in a clash of cultures. The long count fight of 1927 symbolized the working classes’ frustration and lack of power in confronting middle class rules and regulations that hampered their lives. |
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In what sports did women emerge as stars during the 1920s? |
Swimming, golf, tennis, basketball |
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How did sports promoters adjust to the Great Depression? |
All-star games, night games, football bowl games, doubleheaders |
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Explain the political significance of the Joe Louis-Max Schmeling fights. |
Although not a Nazi, American media portrayed the Schmeling-Louis bouts as a contest between fascism and democracy. |
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How did the doctrine of Aryan Supremacy affect the practice of sport? |
Hitler’s claim of physical superiority was struck down by the victory of Louis in 1938 and the black Olympians of 1936, most notably Jesse Owens |
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Explain the social significance of Jackie Robinson’s entry into Major League Baseball. |
Robinson preceded the Brown v. Board of Education case by several years, indicating that racial integration could be accomplished in a very public and nationally visible manner. |
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Compare the influence of Jackie Robinson to Joe Louis and Jesse Owens. |
Louis and Owens served as transitory and temporary heroes, albeit on a global stage. Neither gained full acceptance in white America. Robinson built upon their efforts to gain national fame and was/is lauded as a national hero. |
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In what ways did World War II affect the practice of sport? |
Use of sport for military training, to improve morale, as therapy for wounded vets, new products changed sport performances (aluminum, etc.), diminished play in MLB and the establishment of the AAGPBBL |
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Why are the 1950s considered the second Golden Age of sports? |
Television broadcasts increased popularity, celebrities, and heroes and married sport with entertainment and spectacle. |
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What kind of parallels can be drawn between the 1920s and the 1950s? |
New technologies in both era produced similar results. |
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How do professional sports leagues overcome rival threats, such as the establishment of competing leagues? |
Merger, consolidation, cartels, monopolies to drive rivals out of business |
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How did the social movements of the 1960s affect sports? |
Civil rights produced the Athletic Revolution in the advancement of minority and female athletes, nd gradual dissolution of the reserve clause and gaining of free agency |
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How did television producers repackage sport as an entertainment spectacle? |
Adding multiple cameras. panning the crowd to include fans as actors, adding color commentators, interviews, and instant replays |
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How did Major League baseball players manage to overcome the restrictions of the reserve clause and win free agency? |
Curt Flood refused to accept a trade, pitchers Andy Messersmith and Dave McNally played out their contracts without resigning, which allowed them to become “free Agents”, upheld by the courts |
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How did Title IX affect sports? |
Provided for equal opportunities for all people in any educational institution receiving federal aid; greatly increased females’ participation in sports, but resulted in a loss of jobs for female coaches and administrators |
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What was the New Games movement? |
An unsuccessful attempt to decrease competition in American society by introducing new games and products such as Frisbee, nerf balls, etc. |
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Explain the importance of the tennis “battle of the sexes.” |
Billie Jean King defeated a former male champ, Bobby Riggs, in a nationally televised sport spectacle to give hope, pride, and sustenance to women battling male dominance throughout American society |
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Explain the social significance of Billie Jean King. |
In addition to #86, King forced tennis to offer open tournaments and pay women, started the women’s pro tennis tour, and became a spokesperson for feminist causes |
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Explain the importance of ESPN as a global force. |
ESPN spin-offs: multiple television stations, radio, magazines, restaurants, internet, etc. ESPN has changed the viewing habits of fans, effected the ways in which events are produced, created global heroes/celebrities, provided a measure of greater visibility for female sportscasters, heightened interest in American sports around the world |
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In what ways does the NCAA and pro sports leagues act as cartels? |
Pooling television rights and forcing the broadcast companies to accept their whole package and bid against each other for the rights to that package |
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Explain the role of sport in global tourism. |
In the USA retro ballparks are built to induce nostalgia, cross generational barriers, promote civic pride, and sport pilgrimages to adjacent or nearby halls of fame, etc. Internationally, small countries in the Middle East host sport academies, top horse races and golf tournaments, as well as sport conferences; while others tout beaches and adventure sports to promote travel to their sites |
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In what ways does sport serve as a secular form of religion? |
Both promote idealistic philosophies, serve similar social functions, have heroes (saints), pilgrimages, relics of past heroes, common characteristics, ceremonies, rituals, spectacles, sacred sites, and devout followers |
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Explain the relationship between sport and civic identity. |
Cities aspire to greater recognition. They are measured by the number and quality of their cultural amenities, including their sports teams. Major league cities need major league teams in all major sports. World class cities seek to host the Olympics or the World Cup as markers of their prestige. |
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Who was more important, Muhammad Ali or Michael Jordan? Why? |
Ali can be considered a greater social force as one who challenged Americans to confront their own values and live up to the ideals they espoused and provided a heroic symbol for all oppressed people on a global scale; while Jordan might be considered a greater economic force in spreading the values and products of capitalism. |
