History Of South Asia Exam 1

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Indus River

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Major river that originates on the Tibetan plateau and flows through Pakistan.

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Himalayas

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mountain range in Asia separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau

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Punjab

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Land of "five rivers"; a province in the northern Indus valley. has many archeological sites

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Ganga River

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Or Ganges river; Originates in the western Himalayas and flows south east through the Gangetic Plain and through Bangladesh

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Deccan Plateau

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large plateau in India, making up most of the southern part of the country

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Monsoon

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the seasonal reversals of the wind direction along the shores of the Indian Ocean, especially in the Arabian Sea, that blow from the southwest during one half of the year and from the northeast during the other half

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Genetic Plain

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a large and fertile plain encompassing most of northern and eastern India, the most populous parts of Pakistan, parts of southern Nepal and virtually all of Bangladesh

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Arabian sea

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a region of the Indian Ocean bounded on on the north by Pakistan and Iran, on the south by northeastern Somalia, on the east by India and on the west by the Arabian Peninsula

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Hindu Kush

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an 800 km long mountain range that stretches between central Afghanistan and northern Pakistan.

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Harappa

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Harappa is an archaeological site in Punjab, northeast Pakistan, about 24 km west of Sahiwal. The site takes its name from a modern village located near the former course of the Ravi River.

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Mohenjo-daro

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an archeological site in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. Built around 2600 BCE, it was one of the largest settlements of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, and one of the world's earliest major urban settlements

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Aryan

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Sanskrit word ārya meaning 'Noble', initially used as a national name to designate those who worshipped the Vedic deities (especially Indra) and followed Vedic culture

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Dasa

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Slave, initially pre-Aryan, dark-skinned one

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Sanskrit

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is a historical Indo-Aryan language, the primary liturgical language of Hinduism and a literary and scholarly language in Buddhism

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Rig Veda

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an ancient Indian sacred collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns.[2] It is counted among the four canonical sacred texts (śruti) of Hinduism known as the Vedas.

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Brahmans

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hindu priests, 1st class

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kshatriayas

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Hindu warrior;second class in the Hindu hierarchy

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Vaishya

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the merchant; third class in hindu hierarchy

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Shudra

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Menial worker; fourth class in hindu hierarchy

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Varna

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Social classes

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Siva

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Hindu deity; destroyer

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Rishi

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Vedic sage

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Vedic period

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a period in history during which the Vedas, the oldest scriptures of Hinduism, were composed. The time span of the period is uncertain; conflicts between the Aryas and the Dasas and Dasyus occurred

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Upanishads

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a collection of philosophical texts which form the theoretical basis for the Hindu religion.

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Mahabharata

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one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the other being the Ramayana.a discussion of the four "goals of life" or

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Ramayana

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one of the two great epics of India, the other being the Mahabharata. epicts the duties of relationships, portraying ideal characters like the ideal father, ideal servant, the ideal brother, the ideal wife and the ideal king

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Karma

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concept of "action" or "deed", understood as that which causes the entire cycle of cause and effec

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Samara

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he repeating cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth (reincarnation)

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Atman

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Vedic term originally for breath, later self then soul.

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Moksha

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The goal of salvation to which hindus aspire; means release

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Maya

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Illusion

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Dharma

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Law, duty, responsibility

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Magadha

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one of the sixteen Mahā-Janapadas (Sanskrit: "Great Countries") or kingdoms in ancient India. lasted less than 200 years

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Sakyamuni

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one of the titles of the Buddha, deriving from the name of Sakya where he was born

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siddhartha gautama

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a spiritual teacher from the Indian subcontinent,[note 1] on whose teachings Buddhism was founded

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Theravada

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oldest surviving Buddhist branch
teachings of the elders

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Mahayana

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Later form of Buddhist religion Great vehicle, main branch of buddhism

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Four noble truths

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1. Life means suffering
2. The origin of suffering is desire
3. The cessation of suffering is attainable
4. The path to the cessation of suffering is the Eightfold Path.

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Nirvana

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term used in Indian religions to describe the profound peace of mind that is acquired with moksha

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Mahavira

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One of the titles of the founder of Jainism; Great hero

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Ahimsa

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nonviolence

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Chandragupta Maurya

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the founder of the Maurya Empire. He succeeded in conquering almost all of the Indian subcontinent and is considered the first unifier of India as well as its first genuine emperor

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Taxila

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is a town and an important archaeological site in the Rawalpindi District of the Punjab province in Pakistan.

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Kautilya

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managed the first Maurya emperor Chandragupta's rise to power at a young age. He is widely credited for having played an important role in the establishment of the Maurya Empire

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Arthashastra

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an ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy which identifies its author by the names 'Kautilya

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Pataliputra

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a city in ancient India, originally built by Ajatashatru in 490 BCE as a small fort (Pāṭaligrama) near the River Ganges, and later the capital of the ancient Mahājanapadas kingdom of Magadha

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Ashoka

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an Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent. helped spread Buddhism

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Devanagari

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Script in which Sanskrit and Hindi language are written

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Kalinga

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) was an early republic in central-eastern India

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Stupa

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a mound-like structure containing Buddhist relics, typically the ashes of deceased, used by Buddhists as a place of meditation

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Ajanta

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India are about 30 rock-cut Buddhist cave monuments which date from the 2nd century BCE to about 480 or 650 CE

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Ellora

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an archaeological site, 29 km (18 mi) North-West of the city of Aurangabad in the Indian state of Maharashtra built by the Rashtrakuta dynasty

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Bactria

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ancient name of a historical region located south of the Amu Darya and west of Gandhara. It was a part of the eastern periphery of the Iranian world, now part of Afghanistan

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Menander

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the Indo-Greek king (165/[2]/155[2] BC-130 BC) who established a large empire in the South Asia and became a patron of Buddhism

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Krishna

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a Hindu deity, one of the "avatars" (or "incarnation") of God Vishnu

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Avatar

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a deliberate descent of a deity to earth, or a descent of the Supreme Being

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Bhagavad Gita

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a 700-verse scripture that is part of the Hindu epic Mahabharata. This scripture contains a conversation between Pandava prince Arjuna and his guide Lord Krishna on a variety of theological and philosophical issues

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Rajput

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a member of a dominant military caste of northern and central India

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Deva-dasi

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Used to describe Hindu temple dancer-prostitutes; slave of the god

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Purnas

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Ancient tales; stories of the lives of Hindu gods

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Rama

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the seventh avatar of the god Vishnu in Hinduism,[1] and a king of Ayodhya in Hindu scriptures

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Bhakti

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Hindu devotion

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Kama Sutra

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The Kama Sutra is an ancient Indian Hindu text widely considered to be the standard work on human sexual behavior in Sanskrit literature written by Vātsyāyana

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Jataka tales

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stories that tell about the previous lives of the Buddha, in both human and animal form

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Prakrit

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name for a group of Middle Indo-Aryan languages, derived from dialects of Old Indo-Aryan languages

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Harsha vardhana

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an Indian emperor who ruled northern India from 606 to 647

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Shakuntala

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wife of Dushyanta and the mother of Emperor Bharata. Her story is told in the Mahabaratha

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hsuan tsang

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Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveler, and translator who described the interaction between China and India in the early Tang Dynasty.

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tantrism

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religious ritual and meditation that arose in medieval India no later than the fifth century; movement within Hinduism combining magical and mystical elements and with sacred writings

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Vajrayana

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also known as Tantric Buddhism

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Vedanta

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A school of hindu philosophy and another name for Upanishads; "end of the vedas"

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Muhammad

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, the prophet of Islam

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Muslim

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an adherent of Islam, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the Qur'an

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Mecca

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the birthplace of Muhammad and a site of the revelation of the Quran, Mecca is regarded as the holiest city in the religion of Islam

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Allah

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Allah is the Arabic word for God

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Qur'an

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religious text of Islam

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hajj

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one of the largest annually occurring pilgrimages in the world,[1][2] and one of the five pillars of Islam; trip to Mecca

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Jizya

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is a per capita tax levied on a section of an Islamic state's non-Muslim citizens, who meet certain criteria

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Jihad

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Muslim holly war

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caliph

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Ruler over the world community of orthodox Muslims. Deputy of God

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Mahmud of Ghazni

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the most prominent ruler of the Ghaznavid Empire- located in current Pakistan and Afghanistan

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Ferdowsi

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a highly revered Persian poet

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Shah nama

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long epic poem written by the Persian poet Ferdowsi

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muhammad of gur

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one of the rulers of the Ghurid dynasty from the famous house of Sur who were rulers of Ghor for five hundred years

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Delhi Sultanate

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term used to cover five short-lived dynasties, Delhi based kingdoms or sultanates, mostly of Turkic and Pashtun (Afghan) origin in medieval India. The sultanates ruled from Delhi between 1206 and 1526, when the last was replaced by the Mughal dynasty. practiced Islam

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Chola

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a Tamil dynasty which was one of the longest-ruling dynasties in southern India. The earliest datable references to this Tamil dynasty are in inscriptions from the 3rd century BC left by Asoka

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Vijayanagara

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empire of southern India

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sufi

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muslim sec

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pir

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muslim holly man of a sufi order

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Tamerlane

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a Turkic ruler. He conquered West, South and Central Asia and founded the Timurid dynasty.

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Sikandar Lodhi

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the Sultan of Delhi between 1489 to 1517. He became the next ruler of the Lodi dynasty after the death of his father Bahlul Khan in July 1489

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Kabir

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Kabīr was a mystic poet and sant of India, whose writings have greatly influenced the Bhakti movement

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Nanak

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was the founder of the religion of Sikhism and the first of the eleven Sikh Gurus

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Babur

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a conqueror from Central Asia who, following a series of setbacks, finally succeeded in laying the basis for the Mughal dynasty in the Indian Subcontinent and became the first Mughal emperor

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Mughal Empire

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an imperial power in the Indian subcontinent from about 1526 to 1757 (though it lingered for another century). The Mughal emperors were Muslims and direct descendants of Genghis Khan

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humayun

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second Mughal Emperor who ruled present day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and parts of northern India

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Sher Shah Sur

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founder of the Sur Empire in the Indian subcontinent, with its capital at Delhi.[3] He rebelled and took control of the Mughal Empire in 1540.

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Akbar

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the third Mughal Emperor; Grandson of Babur, son of humayun

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Fatehpur Sikri

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a city and a municipal board in Agra district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Built near the much older city of Sikri, the historical city of Bharat was first named Sikrigarh, was constructed by Rajput Raja's last Emperor Maharana Sangram Singh

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Kabul

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the capital and largest city of Afghanistan

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Mansabdar

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term for the military -type grading of all imperial officials of the Mughal Empire.

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Zamindar

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Muslim revenue-collector overlord, confirmed by the British as landlord

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tulsi das

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Hindu poet-saint, reformer and philosopher renowned for his devotion to the god Rama

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Jahangir

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fourth Mughal Emperor from 1605 until his death in 1627. Jahangir was the eldest son of Mughal Emperor Akbar

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Vasco da Gama

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Portuguese explorer, one of the most successful in the Age of Discovery and the commander of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India

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Calicut

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formerly known as Calicut, is a city in the state of Kerala in southern India on the Malabar Coast

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Treaty of Tordesillas

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divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Portugal and Spain

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Goa

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Goa is India's smallest state by area and the fourth smallest by population. Located in West India

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Francis Xavier

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devoted much of his life to missions in Asia, after being appointed by King John III of Portugal to take charge as Apostolic Nuncio in Portuguese India

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East India Company

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formed for pursuing trade with the East Indies but which ended up trading mainly with only the Indian subcontinent

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Nawab

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Muslim ruling prince or powerful landowner in India

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Mumtaz Mahal

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a Mughal Empress and chief consort of emperor Shah Jahan

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Nur Jahan

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Empress of the Mughal Empire. A strong, charismatic and well educated woman, she is considered to be one of the most powerful and influential women of the 16th century Mughal Empire;

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Red Fort

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a 17th century fort complex constructed by the Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan in the walled city of Old Delhi that served as the residence of the Mughal Emperors

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Shah Jahan

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emperor of the Mughal Empire in South Asia from 1628 until 1658

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taj mahal

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built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal

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Aurangzeb

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Son of Shah Jahan; sixth Mughal Emperor and ruled over most of the Indian subcontinent

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Sikhism

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monotheistic religion founded during the 15th century in the Punjab region, by Guru Nanak

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Shivaji

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founder of the Maratha Empire, which lasted until 1818, and at its peak covered much of the Indian subcontinent.

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Nader Shah

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ruled as Shah of Iran and was the founder of the Afsharid dynasty

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Joseph François Dupleix

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governor general of the French establishment in India, and the rival of Robert Clive

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Robert Clive

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was a British officer who established the military and political supremacy of the East India Company in Bengal

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Nabob

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an Anglo-Indian term for an East India Company servant who had become wealthy through corrupt trade and other practices

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Siraj ud-Daulah

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last independent Nawab of Bengal. The end of his reign marked the start of British East India Company rule over Bengal and later almost all of South Asia.

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Mir Jafar

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the Nawab of Bengal. He was the first Nawab of the Najafi dynasty after deceiving Nawab Siraj-Ud-Daulah.