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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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WHAT SUBJECT DID GALILEO PURSUE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PADUA, BEFORE CHANGING TO ASTRONOMY?
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MEDICINE
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WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE OCCULT PHILOSOPHER AND NATURAL PHILOSOPHER WHO WAS BURNED AT THE STAKE IN 1600 FOR ADVOCATING THE COPERNICAN SYSTEM?
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GIORDANO BRUNO
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GALILEO WAS SENT TO ROME IN 1616 TO DEFEND HIS CONCLUSIONS IN 'THE STARRY MESSENGER' BEFORE THE "HAMMER OF HERETICS." WHO WAS THE "HAMMER OF HERETICS"?
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BELLARMINE
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AT THE TIME WHEN GALILEO PUBLISHED 'THE STARRY MESSENGER' WHICH POWERFUL LEADER IN FLORENCE WAS HIS PATRON?
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COSIMO DE MEDICI
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IN 1632, GALILEO WAS AGAIN CALLED TO ROME TO DEFEND HIS IDEAS (THIS TIME IN HIS DIALOGUES ON THE TWO CHIEF WORLD SYSTEMS). WHAT WAS THE NAME OF HIS FRIEND WHO HAD BECOME POPE URBAN VIII?
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BARBARINI
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IN THE DIALOGUE ON THE TWO WORLD SYSTEMS, WHICH CHARACTER STAUNCHLY DEFENDS THE ARISTOTELIAN (ACCEPTED) WORLDVIEW?
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SIMPLICIUS
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WHEN GALILEO SENDS HIS TWO ILLEGITIMATE DAUGHTERS TO CONVENTS, WHAT IS THE NAME THAT HIS DAUGHTER VIRGINIA TAKES ONCE SHE TAKES HER VOWS (THINK LETTERS)?
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MARIA CELESTE
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IF ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATION SOMEHOW CONTRADICTED BIBLICAL INTERPRETATION, HOW DID GALILEO RESOLVE THE SITUATION?
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INTERPRETATION WAS WRONG
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WHAT DID TYCHO BRAHE OBSERVE IN 1572, INDICATING TO HIM THAT THE CELESTIAL SPHERE DID NOT HAVE CHARACTERISTICS OF BEING ETERNAL AND UNCHANGING?
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SUPERNOVA
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IN THE STARRY MESSENGER, WHAT DOES GALILEO OBSERVE ABOUT THE MOON THAT CAUSES HIM TO QUESTION THE UNIFORM NATURE OF THE CELESTIAL SPHERES?
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IT HAS MOUNTAINS AND CRATERS
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IN WHAT FAMOUS WORK (WRITTEN IN THE FORM OF A DIALOGUE) DOES GALILEO SEEK TO DISMANTLE THE PTOLEMAIC UNIVERSE AS WELL AS MOUNT AN ATTACK ON ARISTOTELIAN PHYSICS?
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TWO NEW SCIENCES
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WHEN A REVOLUTION IN SCIENCE OCCURS, WHAT TERM DOES THOMAS KUHN APPLY TO IT?
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PARADIGM SHIFT
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IN "A POEM SACRED TO THE MEMORY OF SIR ISAAC NEWTON," JAMES THOMSON FINDS MUCH AMONG NEWTON'S ACHIEVEMENTS WORTHY OF PRAISE. IN ADDITION TO DETERMINING THE SECRET WORKINGS OF THE COSMOS, TO WHAT OTHER ISSUES DID NEWTON DIRECT HIS GAZE?
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TIME, GRAVITY, MOTION, LIGHT
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FOR THOMSON, WHAT IS IS THAT NEWTON COULD DO THAT DISTINGUISHED HIM FROM THOSE WHO CAME BEFORE HIM?
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UNDERSTAND THE MIND OF GOD, AND ABLE TO EXPLAIN IT CLEARLY
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WHAT WAS THE NAME OF THE WRITER OF THE PREFACE TO COPERNICUS'S DE REVOLUTIONIBUS ORIBUM COELESTIUM?
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OSIANDER
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IN "FIRST ANNIVERSARY: AN ANATOMY OF THE WORLD," WHAT IS THE OCCASION FOR WRITING THE POEM?
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FOLLOWING THIS TITLE IN THE 1611 EDITION ARE THE WORDS, "WHEREIN, BY OCCASION OF THE UNTIMELY DEATH OF MISTRESS ELIZABETH DRURY THE FRAILTY AND DECAY OF THIS WHOLE WORLD IS REPRESENTED." ELIZABETH DRURY WAS THE YOUNGER DAUGHTER OF SIR ROBERT DRURY, PATRON AND FRIEND OF DONNE. SHE IS THE OVERT SUBJECT OF THIS POEM.
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WHAT FAMOUS 18TH CENTURY POET PENNED THE FOLLOWING LINES? WHAT IS THE TONE OF THE POEM, AND WHAT DOES THAT SEEM TO SUGGEST ABOUT THE POEM'S SUBJECT?
"NATURE, AND NATURE'S LAWS LAY HID IN NIGHT; GOD SAID, LET NEWTON BE! AND ALL WAS LIGHT" |
POET: ALEXANDER POPE; THE TONE IS ONE OF REVERENCE SUGGESTING THAT NEWTON WAS A GODSEND SENT TO ENLIGHTEN THE MINDS OF MEN BY BEING ABLE TO UNDERSTAND THE MIND OF GOD AND TO TELL MAN ABOUT GOD'S CREATION.
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ULTIMATELY, WHO TELLS THE SCIENTISTS WHAT IS REALLY GOING ON WITH THE TELESCOPE? WHAT IS GOING ON IN THE TELESCOPE?
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A CHILD (BOY), THERE ARE FLIES AND GNATS CAUGHT INSIDE THE TELESCOPE UNDER THE LENS; A SMALL FIELD MOUSE WAS CAUGHT IN THE TELESCOPE AS WELL
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IN "ELEPHANT IN THE MOON," TO WHICH ACADEMIC BODY DOES SAMUEL BUTLER DIRECT HIS CRITICISM? WHAT IS IT ABOUT THIS BODY THAT BUTLER FINDS MOST WORTHY OF HIS CRITICISM?
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VIRTUOUS LEARN'D SOCIETY; THEY ARE TRYING TO DISCOVER NOVELTIES OF SCIENCE BY SEEKING OUT THE GREATEST DISCOVERIES WITHOUT KNOWING WHAT THEY ARE DOING
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What did Alessandro Volta’s “Artificial Electric Organ” generate for the first time?
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Electric Current
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What word, derived from the Greek, did Joseph Priestley give to the “principle of fire”?
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phlogiston
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The discovery of which planet in 1781 transformed William Herschel’s career?
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Uranus
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To the understanding of what natural phenomena does Hankins suggest the tendency to perform experiments finds its greatest expression?
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Electricity
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What is Fontenelle’s purpose in writing Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds? How does the format of the text serve this purpose? Explain as fully as possible.
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Fontenelle endeavored to popularize philosophy and science. He does so by presenting his philosophical discussions in a dialogue format. By doing so, he can distance himself from the themes/ideas he presents; it also allows Fontenelle to discuss his ideas in a less controversial and threatening way (provided he doesn’t do what Galileo did before him). In addition, Fontenelle offers the reader digressions to keep them sane, etc. There are other things that you can discuss in this question, but your answer should include most, if not all of these ideas.
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Even in the late seventeenth century, the Church still exerted a great deal of influence over scientific inquiry. How does Fontenelle address the difficult issue of religion and the potential religious backlash that might result from the publication of a work arguing for a plurality of worlds? Explain as fully as possible.
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Realizing the fates of both Giordano Bruno and Galileo earlier in the seventeenth century, Fontenelle wishes to address potential areas of contention in his dialogue. Seeing that a religiously-minded reader might be offended by the idea of men on the moon, Fontenelle suggests that they are not “the sons of Adam,” so that the idea of men on the moon does not contradict accepted Biblical interpretation. In addition, Fontenelle emphasizes that he is writing a tale, so there is nothing in his dialogue that a religious reader should find offensive. There is nothing in his tale that indicates Fontenelle intends to suggest truth of any kind. It is the fact that Fontenelle makes all of this aware to the reader that is important, not that his work merely implies this. To receive full credit for this question, you need to emphasize each of the above points and discuss them to a degree.
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Which term, meaning “acid former,” did Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier give to Priestley’s “dephlogisticated air”?
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Oxygen
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Robert Boyle directed the concerns of the mechanical philosophy to which area of scientific inquiry?
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Chemistry (though greater detail such as the mechanics and composition of air is also accepted)
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ACCORDING TO FRANCIS BACON, WHAT IS MAN'S ROLE WITH RESPECT TO NATURE?
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FOR MAN IS NATURE'S AGENT AND INTERPRETER; HE DOES AND UNDERSTANDS ONLY AS MUCH AS HE HAS OBSERVED OF THE ORDER OF NATURE IN WORKS OR IN INFERENCE; HE DOES NOT KNOW AND CANNOT DO MORE...THEREFORE THESE TWO GOALS OF MAN, KNOWLEDGE AND POWER, A PAIR OF TWINS, ARE REALLY COME TO THE SAME THING, AND WORKS ARE CHIEFLY FRUSTRATED BY IGNORANCE OF CAUSES.
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IN THE SELECTION FROM BACON, WHAT ARE THE GOALS OF MAN?
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EXPLANATION OF CAUSES, CONTROL (PREDICATIVE) CONTROL OF NATURE
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IN THE HARVEY SELECTION, WHAT IS "THE SUN OF THE MICROCOSM"? EXPLAIN THE MICROCOSM/MACROCOSM TO WHICH HARVEY REFERS.
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THE SUN OF THE MICROCOSM IS THE HUMAN HEART; HEART=MICROCOSM; SUN=MACROCOSM; BOTH NOURISH
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HOW DID VESALIUS'S APPROACH TO THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE DIFFER FROM THE WAY MEDICINE WAS GENERALLY PRACTICED IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY? HOW IS THIS IMPORTANT TO THOSE PRACTITIONERS WHO FOLLOWED VESALIUS?
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HE CHOSE TO ACTIVELY PARTICIPATE IN THE DISSECTIONS; THIS PAVED THE WAY FOR PARTICIPATORY METHODS OF LEARNING ANATOMY INSTEAD OF JUST READING MATERIALS FROM A BOOK
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WHEN THE SCIENTISTS TAKE TURNS LOOKING THROUGH THE TELESCOPE IN "ELEPHANT IN THE MOON," WHAT IS IT THEY SEE?
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THEY SEE A GIGANTIC ELEPHANT THAT MOVES FASTER THAN THEY CAN VIEW IT
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ACCORDING TO THE FILM, WHAT WAS COPERNICUS'S MOTIVATION FOR PURSUING HIS ASTRONOMICAL INVESTIGATIONS (IT WAS ALSO THE CHURCH'S MOTIVATION FOR USING ASTRONOMY)?
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A MORE ACCURATE CALENDAR
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IN CONDUCTING HIS EXPERIMENTS WITH ROLLING BALLS DOWN INCLINED PLANES, WHAT DOES GALILEO OBSERVE ABOUT THE FALLING OF BODIES?
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UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION
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WHAT COSMOLOGICAL SYSTEM DID BRAHE ADVOCATE? ILLUSTRATE AND EXPLAIN HOW IT WAS OBSERVATIONALLY EQUIVALENT TO THE COPERNICAN SYSTEM.
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THE PLANETS REVOLVE AROUND THE SUN AND THE SUN AND THE PLANETS REVOLVE AROUND A STATIONARY EARTH; SINCE HIS SYSTEM FEATURES MORE THAN ONE CENTER OF MOTION, IT WAS OBSERVATIONALLY EQUIVALENT TO THE COPERNICAN SYSTEM
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WHEN GALILEO TURNED HIS NEWLY-ACQUIRED TELESCOPE TO THE HEAVENS, WHAT DID HE NOTICE ABOUT THE PLANET JUPITER? HOW DID HIS OBSERVATIONS SERVE TO CHANGE THE COMMON PERCEPTION OF THE CELESTIAL REALM AS ETERNAL AND UNCHANGING?
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HE NOTICED THE JUPITER HAD MOONS/SATELLITES; BEFORE THIS, ALL THINGS WERE THOUGHT TO ROTATE AROUND THE EARTH (ARISTOTELIANISM), SO IF JUPITER HAD 4 MOONS ROTATING AROUND IT, SOMETHING WAS WRONG.
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GALILEO DEVISED A THOUGHT EXPERIMENT TO ILLUSTRATE HOW THE EARTH COULD MOVE. AT THE TIME, WHAT DID MOST PEOPLE BELIEVE WOULD HAPPEN IF THE EARTH IN FACT MOVED? HOW DOES GALILEO'S THOUGHT EXPERIMENT ADDRESS THIS CONCERN?
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IF THE EARTH WAS MOVING, EVERYTHING WOULD BE FLYING OFF IT, CHURCH STEEPLES WOULD BE FALLING DOWN, BIRDS COULDN'T KEEP UP WITH IT, CLOUDS WOULD GO DISAPPEARING OVER THE WESTERN HORIZON; GALILEO'S THOUGHT EXPERIMENT SHOWS HOW SINCE THE EARTH IS MOVING WE COULD BE CARRIED ALONG WITH IT AND NOT BE CONSCIOUS OF THE MOTION.
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IN WHAT WAYS DID TYCHO BRAHE'S OBSERVATIONS CONTRIBUTE NOT ONLY TO KEPLER'S THEORY OF ELLIPTICAL PLANETARY ORBITS, BUT ALSO TO KEPLER'S COMPILATION KNOWN AS THE RUDOLPHINE TABLES? EXPLAIN.
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BRAHE TOOK DOWN VERY ACCURATE OBSERVATIONS OF 777 STARS AND THE PLANET MARS WHICH ALLOWED KEPLER, AFTER BRAHE'S DEATH, TO CONCLUDE THAT, THROUGH HIS BATTLES WITH MARS, PLANETS TRAVEL ALONG ELLIPTICAL ORBITS. KEPLER ALSO USED BRAHE'S OBSERVATIONS TO COMPILE THE RUDOLPHINE TABLES WHICH WERE USED TO PROVE KEPLER'S OWN SYSTEM.
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WHAT ANALOGY DOES THOMAS KUHN USE TO DESCRIBE THE CONDUCTING OF NORMAL SCIENCE? DOES THIS ANALOGY WORK IN TERMS OF A SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION? IF SO, HOW DOES IT WORK? IF NOT, WHY NOT? EXPLAIN AS FULLY AS POSSIBLE.
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PUZZLE-SOLVING; THINK OF A PUZZLE AS REPRESENTATIVE OF A PARADIGM; WHEN WORKING WITH ONE PUZZLE, YOU TRY TO GET ALL OF THE PIECES TO FIT ACCORDING TO THE "PICTURE" OF THE PARADIGM
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