History Of Science Exam 3

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John Ray

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late 1600s, "Natural Theology", New Method of Planets, Wisdom of God Manifested in the Works of Creation. FOSSILS: rejected flood theories, grew that way, God testing us.

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Carl Linnaeus

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early 1700s, 'Father of Taxonomy(classification of organisms)', System of Nature, very sexual

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James Hutton

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mid 1700s, "scottish enlightenment", firstto connect erosion with sedimentation, "Deep Time"(the stretch of geological history)

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Comte de Buffon

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1700s, Histoire Naturella 1749-88, 36 volumes. Earth is 75,000 yrs old based off of cooling rate of iron, ancestral degeneration

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Georges Cuvier

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mid 1700s- early 1800s, compared living animals with fossils, extinct species, Catastrophism

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Jean-Baptise Lamarck

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mid 1700s – early 1800s, indviduals lose characteristics they don’t need & gain ones they do, inherits required traits

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William Paley

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: mid to late 1700s, Utiliterian, Christian writer and apologist, Natural Theology, 1- some things are design-like 2- design-like properties aren’t producible by unguided natural means 3- some things in nature are by means of a intentional design – if there are laws in nature there needs to be some sort of law-giver

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Charles Darwin

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1809-1882, 1825 Uni. Edinburgh, 1827 Cambridge, Dec. 1832-Oct. 1836 set sail on Beagle, galapogos islands –birds, RS, 1844 Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation – evolution, fossil evidence, Lamarckian theory. 1859 Origin of Species by Natural Selection,

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Asa Gray

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1810-1888, evangelical, believed variations were guided developed by God, called himself “Christian Darwinist”

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George Frederick Wright

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1838-1921, geologist, theologian, “Darwinism is ‘ the Calvinistic interpretation of nature’”

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Benjamin Breckenridge Warfield

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Princeton theologian, Concurcus: everything is caused by law and divine design

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John Scope

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: 1900-1970, taught physics and math, took to trial because he taught evolution

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Whitcom & Morris

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1961 The Genesis Flood, led to Creation Research Society & Institute for Creation Research

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Nicolas Carnot

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1796-1832, Carnots Heat Cycle

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Alexander Fleming

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invented Penecillin

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Louis Pasteur

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1822-1895, made a vaccine for rabies, 1- passed air through cotton, found organisms that cause putrefaction, 2- collected air from around france, different airs → different organisms,

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Catastrophism

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the idea the world was affected by large scale catostrophies

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Uniformitarianism

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the belief the universe has and will always exist unchanged; that scientific laws are constant throughout space and time

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Natural Theology

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the attempt to prove Gods existence through studying nature

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Watchmaker Argument

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“design implies a designer” William Paley Natural Theology 1802

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The Beagle Voyage

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5 years, Charles Darwin, dec 27 1831 oct 2 1836

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Artificial Selection

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selective breeding
Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation

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Natural Selection

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charles Darwin, process where heritable traits that make it easier for survival and are successfully reproduced become more common in a population over time

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Darwin's Religious Biography

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agnostic. Lady hope(Christian) and Edward aveling(atheist) tried to convert him

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Scientific Reception of Darwinism

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belief in any kind of evolution, belief in evolution only by NS, he natural animal origins of man, atheistic materialism. England- accepted struggle, not selection. Russia- accepted selection, not struggle. Germany-associated with particular opinions on emryogenesis

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The Eclipse of Darwinism

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1890-1930, eclipsed by orthogenesis and mutation theory by Hugo de Vries. 1930-35 evolution by NS is finally accepted

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Concursus

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Warfield, everything caused by law and divine design

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Spontaneous Generation

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origin of life coming from inanimate matter (i.e. maggots from rotting meat), disproven by Louis Pasteur.

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Underdetermination

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when a rival theory is consistent with the evidence but obviously goes against the original theory

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Carnot's Heat Cycle

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1824, from warm region to cool one for mechanical energy (heat engine), or vice versa to make a heat pump (like refridgerators, iar conditioners…)

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E=mc2

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e=energy m=mass c=celeritas (speed of light) 1905 paper, einstein

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Double Helix

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1953 Francis Crick and James Watson

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Steam Engine

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moving force behind industrial evo., drove machinery in factories and mills, powering pumping stations and transport aplliances like railways locomotives, ships, and cars

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Scopes Trial

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1925, Dayton, Tennessee. Scopes taught evolution in his classroom, went against the Butler Act (where you cant teach something that denies the story of Divine Creation)