History Of Rock

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o Interest at turn of 20th century—caused by preservationists who feared music would disappear due to increasing urbanization of country
o Used as a tool for political organizations and labor unions
 Wobblies (International workers of the World) used to build morale, recruit new members, stir up publicity
• Published thirty editions of songbooks (IWW Songs: Songs of the Workers to Fan the Flames of Discontent) know as The Little Red Songbook
 “Left Wing folk song conspiracy”- known as because many songs were protest against big business and government policies and used by socialist and communist

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• Historical Background of Folk Music:

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o Took trips through backwoods of South with portable recording device to preserve folk songs—found many artists including Leadbelly

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• John and Alex Lomax: father and son team of musicologists from Library of Congress

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o Most important early folk singer
o Tough childhood in lower class in Oklahoma and Texas
 Several tragedies (sister’s death, mother went insane asylum)
 Living on own at 13 singing and playing harmonica for living

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Woody Guthrie

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o Lifelong crusade to help band the common folk together to fight for their rights through unions and other organizations
o Traveled country hobo style on trains singing songs he wrote
o Style of his songs...
 Dust bowl ballads
 Pro-union songs
 Anti-Hitler songs
 Songs about plight of migrant workers and common people
 Developed unique talking blues style of half singing, half speaking

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Woody Guthrie

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o Working-class blue jeans and uncombed hair
o Was hero and legend in folk community

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Woody Guthrie

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o Singer/guitarist, traveled with Guthrie as Almanac Singers at hootenannies and rallies
o Formed Weavers (one of 1st folk groups to break into mainstream visibility)
o Ran into problems when his liberal politics caught attention of FBI and was blacklisted
o Decca dropped Weavers when suspected of Communism
o Toured college campuses as soloist singing political songs
o 1955 Congress had him testify before the House of Un-American Activities Committee
 Refused to cooperate
 Convicted on 10 counts of contempt on Congress
 Got cleared in 1962 went on to be political activist

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Pete Seeger

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o Wrote some of most important songs of folk movement

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Pete Seeger

Front 8

: folk jam sessions where traditional folk songs are sung

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Hootenannies

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• 1950’s Political Climate for folk Music…

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o Witch Hunts- expected of being Soviet spies or Communist sympathizers
o Blacklist- listed possible communist
o HUACC ( House Un-American Activities Committee)
o Forced folk musicians to go underground

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o People turned off by vulgarness of R&B and rock and roll
o College students saw as addressed need for positive change in society
o Calypso Fad: folk music of Trinidad
 Different rhythmic quality than traditional American Folk but narrative verse structures and storylines are similar
 Necessary for revival

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• 1950’s Folk Revival:

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 Calypso hits including “Banana Boat (Day-O)” which started short-lived calypso fad

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Harry Belfonte

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 Real start to 1950s revival when record “Tom Dooley” became #1
 Named themselves after Jamaican capital city
 Played pop oriented folk music without political protest
 Squeaky clean image (crew cuts and matching clothes)

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Kingston Trio

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 Beautiful, had angel voice, wore plain peasant clothes

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Joan Baez

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 Different backgrounds
• Peter was folksinger
• Mary was an off-Broadway singer
• Paul was a comedian
 Became most popular folk group of 1960s
 Wrote “Hammer”-civil rights anthem
 Appeared at numerous protests, rallies, and marches
 Gave boost to early career of Bob Dylan—record 2 of his songs

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Peter, Paul and mary

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o Coffeehouses, cafes, small clubs all over country began to hire folk performers
o Most important folk scene (was in NY)
o Compact/nourishing scene—everyone supported each other

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Greenwich Village scene

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o Pete Seeger and 3 other folk musicians published a mimeographed biweekly newsletter
o Showcased no folk and protest songs and provide articles about protests, festivals and recent record releases
o Forum for new generation of folk musicians to get original songs noticed

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Broadside

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o Bulletin that promoted progressive causes through music
o 1st published by Seeger and Oscar Brand

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Peoples songs

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o Dedicated to keeping folksingers and songwriters in touch by publishing left-leaning political songs

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Sing Out!

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o Influences: Hank Williams, Little Richard, Elvis Presley, Welsh poet Dylan Thomas, beat writers, Woody Guthrie’s Bound for Glory
o Dinkytown (hip bohemian section next to Minnesota campus)- where learned folk music and supplanted his rock and roll learnings
o Characteristics
 Performed in idiosyncratic and sometimes humorous style
 Clipped words, double negatives, non sequiturs (Guthrie’s book)

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Bob Dylan

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 Moved to NY to meet folk hero Woody Guthrie
• Succeeded in meeting him within a week
• Began writing songs in Guthrie’s talking blues style
 Signed with Columbia
• Big break when NY Times writer gave him glowing review that convinced John Hammond to give him 5 year contract
 Rise to top of folk world
• Known as great writer
• Lyrics made audience ponder
• Refused to go on Ed Sullivan Show-viewed as hero
• Protest songs solidified leadership of folk community
 Met with Beatles
• Influence on Beatles because their lyrics became more socially relevant and political
• Also influenced Dylan along with the Animals because he became more rock music orientated (created folk rock)

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Bob Dylan 1961-1964

Front 21

 1965 Newport Folk Festival
• Most controversial moment
• Performed new electric material with Paul Butterfield Blues Band
o Fans acted angrily (represented capitalism)
o Left stage to audience booing them
• Dylan returned by himself to perform acoustic version got cheered
 Tour with the Hawks (the Band)
• Bob would do solo acoustic set followed by electric set with Hawks
 The Basement Tapes
• New songs with the band
• Fell into hands of bootleggers
 Motorcycle Accident
• Shrouded by mystery
• Moved into Mansion (Hi Lo Ha) in NY
• Allowed him to get away from pressure of being celebrity

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Bob dylan 1965-1968

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 One of most important/innovative musicians in American history
 Brought to rock the idea lyrics can be poetry, a call to action, political commentary, or personal statement
 Influence on the music of most popular group of 1960s (the Beatles)
 Raw, not particularly good singer or guitar player
• “anybody can be a rock star” ethic
 Brought worlds of folk, country, R&B, and rock together
 Created folk rock and country rock

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Dylan Legacy

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• Vocal, guitar and harmonica recording done in 2 days
• Assortment of blues and traditional folk songs
• Album sold poorly

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 Bob Dylan (Hammond’s Folly)

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• Almost entirely all original material written by him
o 1st great anthem “Blowin’ in the Wind”
 Lyrics composed of rhetorical questions
 Peter, Paul and Mary covered
 Put Dylan on the map
• “A Hard Rain’s A Gonna Fall”
o Captured anxieties of era and paint a bleak picture of a post-nuclear holocaust scenario (Cuban Missile Crisis)

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 The Freewheelin’ Bob Dylan

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• Helped solidify leadership of folk community
• Title song-rallying call to action that addresses different segments of society with each verse

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 The Times They Are a Changin’

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• Most important album
• Incorporated energy of electric rock
• Side 1: rock rhythm section, side 2: all acoustic
• Combined original, though provoking and poetic lyrics with an electric rhythm and blues sensibility—changed rock forever
• Creation of folk rock
• “Mr. Tambourine Man”

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 Bringing It All Back Home

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• Country trend
• Voice changed to smoother sort of croon
• Critics complained because country was not “in” with rock
• Created country rock genre

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 Nashville Skyline

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o English youth absorbed whatever American music they could get hands on
o Post WWII music fads
 Trad jazz: traditional New Orleans jazz
 Skiffle: English adaptation of traditional American jug band music (a do-it-yourself music played by small groups)
• Easy to play
• Encouraged British youths to start playing music (the Beatles)
 Blues and R&B
o Only 3 radio stations run by BBC (nothing close to American R&B)
o Few independent labels willing to rake risks on wannabe pop stars

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• Historical Perspective on English pop culture leading to the British Invasion:

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 Illegal stations broadcasted from ships
 Largely funded by American record companies
 Made BBC relent and formed pop station Radio One

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Pirate Radio stations

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o John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, Ringo Starr
o Music spoke of making world better place, challenged us to become better people, made social commentary but provided hope
o Success contributed to good timing (US mourning death of JFK ended)
o Smart, funny, irreverent, idealistic, and eclectic
o Impact on Rock…
 Made rock dominant pop music format that transcended age and demographic
 Changed way music was recorded and presented: studio technology, basic format for music videos, innovative in music packaging
 Transcend generation and era: music still fresh and meaningful, still appeals to all ages
 Combined exceptional songwriting and performing
 Forced recognition of pop music as art

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• The Beatles

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often wrote together

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lennon and mccarthy

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complicated rhythmically, simpler melodically, more avant-garde, wrote about himself (asking questions and seeking answers that were both personal, yet could be viewed in larger communal sense as well)

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Lennon

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wrote in Brill Building mold, most endearing pop tunes, bring classical music influence, wrote songs about other people pointing out peculiarities of their lives/situations

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mccarthy

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-best guitarist in 1960s, created some of most melodic and lyrical solos of era, master of studio technology, great songwriter, Indian influence

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George Harrison

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never competed for competition, played understated but perfect parts, contributed some of most memorable lead vocals

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Ringo

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 Guided band in formative early years
 Turned them to possibilities of new instruments and orchestration, studio effects, and technology

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George Martin

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sponge for pop culture of america

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Liverpool

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equivalent of America’s “cat” image
• Greased hair up, wore leather jackets, boots, and sneers

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Teddy Boy

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• Paul McCartney auditioned
• McCartney brought in school friend George Harrison for guitar
• Drummer was Lennon’s friend Pete Best

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 John Lennon put together group called Quarry Men (inspired by Elvis)

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• Added Stu Sutcliff on bass
• Group played at raunchy clubs in the Reeperbahn section of Hamburg, Germany (8 hours/night)
• Appeared at Cavern Club (played there for 2 ½ years)

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group changed name to the beatles

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• Manager of nearby NEMS record store became manager
• Changed Teddy boy image to more upscale matching mohair suits with white shirts, thin ties, and mop top haircuts
• Record companies would not take the Beatles
• Contacted George Martin at EMI

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Brian Epstein

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• Martin decided to sign them but not that impressed with music as their personal charm

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 Beatles went to perform at EMI on Abbey Road

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• Replaced Best with Richard Starkey (Ringo Starr)
• 10 songs recorded in one 10 hour marathon
• Album called Please, Please Me
o 8 of songs on LP were originals (highly unusual)
o Lennon and McCartney wrote mostly “eyeball to eyeball”

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Beatlemania

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• Help!-first album to signal experimental future of recordings
• Evolved both music and lyrically increasing social political, and cultural significance
• Expand into more musically diverse styles (use of outside session musicians)
• Begin to change rock into an art form

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bob dylans influence on beatles

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• Exotic instruments, studio effects, and drug allusions
• Songs inspired by book which was a guide to spiritual enlightenment through the use of LSD

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 The Psychedelic Experience

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• Live concerts plagued by poor sound reinforcement and screaming mobs
• Music too dependent on studio technology to be reproduced adequately in live setting

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 Why stopped touring…

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• Songs remembrances of real places in Liverpool from John and Paul’s childhood
• Most important album of rock history
• Captivated the world of popular culture
• Intended to give experience of having attended a royal performance
• Rock’s 1st concept album
• Album cover shows celebrities and famous people gathered around Beatles in costume
• 1st album to ever print lyrics on the inside cover

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 Cultural Significance of Sgt. Pepper’s

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 George Harrison flowering as a songwriter

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recorded album

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• Died from accidental drug overdose
• Beatles decided to manage themselves (contributed to group’s downfall)

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 Impact of Brian Epstein’s Death…

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• Lennon and McCartney losing control of song publishing rights
• New music company (Apple) losing money due to mismanagement
• John’s love with Yoko Ono caused tensions
• Ringo quit when discovered Paul was rerecording drum parts

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why they broke up

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• Solos by John and Paul
• George Harrison organized 1st all-star concert to raise money for a cause
• Lennon murdered by crazed fan

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aftermath

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 Remembrances of real places in Liverpool from John and Paul’s childhoods
 Supposed to included on Sgt. Pepper’s album
 Released as 2 singles to silence critics about rumors of band break up

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o Significance of “Penny Lane” and “Strawberry Fields Forever”

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o Significance of “Penny Lane” and “Strawberry Fields Forever”

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o George Martin

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• “coming of age” album
• Released December 3, 1965
• 14 songs written over 4 week period
• Songs about social issues
• More lyrical depth and intelligence
• Introduced variety of new instruments

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 Rubber Soul

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• Released August 5, 1966
• Many called finest work
• 1st album of psychedelic era
• Uses exotic instruments, studio effects, drug allusions
• No “fillers”

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 Revolver

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• Released June 1, 1967
• Most important album in rock history
• Alter ego band
• Experience of royal performance
• Each song segueing into the next
• Rock’s 1st concept album
• Most famous music album cover in history
• Stunning use of studio technology

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 Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band

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• Released November 22nd, 1968
• Wide range of styles
• Many songs recorded without the full group in attendance
• Some of group’s best material

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 The Beatles (the White Album)

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• Released September 26, 1969
• Last album recorded by Beatles
• Perhaps finest work
• Studio installed new eight-track recorder
• Synthesizers used

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 Abbey Road

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• Not released until May 8, 1970 after Beatles broke up
• Originally planned as a no overdubs, back-to-life concept
• Staged surprise concert to get truly live recordings only performed 5 songs before police shut them down because complaints
• George Martin quit
• Resulting mixes were sloppy with too many mistakes
• Phil Spector brought in to re-produce added lush orchestration

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 Let It Be

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 The general career path of the band up until 1972: “anti-Beatles” image, bold/sexual on stage image (Mick Jagger), took name from Muddy Waters tune, signed with Decca, reputation as rock and rolls

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Rolling Stones

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 Contributions and characteristics of: rolling stones

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o Mick Jagger: on stage sex appeal, wrote lyrics,
o Keith Richards: wrote music, high-energy guitar riffs
o Brian Jones: guitarist, left because Richards and Jagger took over artistic control of band

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 The traumatic events the band endured during the 60s (the death of Brian Jones, Altamont, etc)

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o Richards and Jagger arrested for drugs, Jones arrested for coke
 Made touring impossible
o Brian Jones left group to clean himself up from drugs, found dead in swimming pool due to “death by misadventure”
o Altamont: “thank you America” concert, Hell’s Angels hired for protection (paid in beer)
 Stage inadequate (along with restrooms)
 Member of Hell’s Angels stabbed fan
 Chaos and violence made Stones leave by helicopter

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discoverd rolling stones gave them "anti-beatle"

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Andrew Loog Oldham

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gave a tighter, more focused sound

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Jimmy Miller

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cover of Sticky Fingers
 Picture of zipper of man’s jeans

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Andy Warhol

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influenced by Beatle’s experimentation, mixed blues, country, psychedelia, and boogie-woogie influences, introduced new instruments like the sitar, marimba, and dulcimer, dark tone. stones

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Aftermath

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patterned after Beatle’s Sgt. Pepper, psychedelic (most creative period). stones

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 Their Satanic Majesties Request

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two of Stones most memborable anthems “Sympathy for the Devil” (commentary on dark side of society’s soul) and “Street Fighting Man” (student protest). stones

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Beggars Banquet

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recorded in Muscle Shoals, critics thought one of best albums, cover of album drew a lot of attention (zipper of man’s jeans), introduced for 1st time the famous tongue and lips logo. stones

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Sticky Fingers

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 Prototype of the “power trio” format
 Bass and drums exploding in flurry of notes
 Vocals with big attitude
 Guitar power chords holding it all together

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The Who

Front 71

 1st rock band to incorporate synthesizers into compositional process rather than just as an added-on effect
 Songs with social relevance
 Music relied on musicianship of all 4 members
 Masculine attitude (“guys band”)

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The Who

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The WHo's career path

Back 72

 Mods: youth cult that wore snappy clothes, short hair, road scooters and consumed massive amounts of ampthetamines (allowed them to dance all night at raves)
 Manager Pete Meaden changed name to High Numbers to identify with scene
 Kit Lambert and Chris Stamp took over band after Meaden
 Turned name back to The Who
 New motto: Maximum R&B—introduced famous arrow emerging from o (forms medical symbol for male)
 Brought stage violence and drama to rock
 Clashing band personalities
 Originally R&B cover band called Detours
 Stage violence started when Townshend accidently broke guitar on club ceiling, picked up and acted like part of act
 Townshend and Daltrey battled over control of the band

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Who's influence

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 Inspirational to several later rock styles including:
 Punk
 Heavy metal: “I Can See for Miles”- predecessor
 Art rock

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 connected with disaffected teen nation

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Pete Townshend

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Pete townsend influences

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 Meher Baba: Indian guru
• Stopped taking drugs
• Define new spirituality through music
o Tell story of spiritual enlightenment through lyrics (rock opera)
 Terry Reilly: minimalist composer

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pete townsend innovation

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 use of synthesizers to compose music

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 Made into feature film and Broadway musical
 Boy loses all sensory skills-superior pinball skills
 Turned into film and Broadway musical. who

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 Tommy: 1st rock opera

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 Songs from Lifehouse film by Townshend
 “Baba O’Reilly” (named for Meher Baba and Terry O’Reilly)
. who

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 Who’s Next:

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Signed by Brian Epstein and George Martin (like Beatles)
Skiffle band

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Gerryt and the pacemakers

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Sound was precursor to the Byrds (tight, four party harmony, chiming guitars) “Love Potion #9”

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Gerry and the pacemakers

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Epstein/Martin group
Kramer 1950s pub-crooner style more than rock singer

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Billy J. Kramer and the Dakotas:

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Cute and cuddly band like the Beatles (went toe to toe with record sales with them)

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Hermans Hermits

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Buddy Holly nerdish looks, started out playing skiffle

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Freddie and the dreamers

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Led by Graham Nash, best known for Everlly Brothers-influenced harmonies and jangly guiatars

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The Hollies

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“You Really Got Me”- band’s sound heavily based on blues distorted power chords (predecesors of hard rock and heavy metal)

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the kinks

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3 legendary lead guitarists (Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck, Jimmy Page)-moved from pop to psychedelic – Page later formed Led Zeppelin

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the yardbirds

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Bob Dylan was huge influence “House of the Rising Sun”

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bob dylan