History Of Religion - Judaism

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Orthodox Judaism

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Observing the traditional rabbinical halakhah; the strictest form of Judaism.

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Reform (or Liberal Judaism)

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Movement that began in the nineteenth century as a way of modernizing the religion and making it more accessible and open-ended.

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Conservative

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The branch of Judaism that allows for modifications in Jewish law when authorized by the Conservative rabbinate.

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TANAK

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The Jewish scriptures.

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Torah

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The Pentateuch; also, the whole body of Jewish teaching and law.

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Pentateuch

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The five books of Moses at the beginning of the Hebrew Bible.

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Nevi'im

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The second main division of the Hebrew Bible, between the Torah and Ketuvim.

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Ketuvim

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The third and final section of the Tanakh, after Torah and Nevi'im.

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Exodus

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The second book of the Hebrew Bible, and of the 5 books of the Torah.

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Sukkot

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A major Jewish festival held in the autumn (beginning on the 15th day of Tishri) to commemorate the sheltering of the Israelites in the wilderness.

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JEPD

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The theory that says that the first 5 books of the Bible - Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy - were not written entirely by Moses, who died in the 1400s B.C., but by different authors/compliers who lived after Moses.

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Talmud

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Jewish law and lore, as finally compiled in the sixth century CE.

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Midrash

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The literature of delving into the Jewish Torah.

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Mishnah

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An authoritative collection of exegetical material embodying the oral tradition of Jewish law and forming the first part of the Talmud.

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Hosea

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A prophet who lived and prophesied just before the destruction of Israel in 722 BC. Preached to the northern kingdom.

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Covenant

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An agreement.

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1st Temple

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King Solomon built it in Jerusalem as a monument to God and as a permanent home for the Ark of the Covenant.

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David

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The second King of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah, and according to the New Testament Gospels of Matthew and Luke, and ancestor of Jesus.

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Messiah

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The "anointed," the expected king and deliverer of the Jews; a term later applied by Christians to Jesus.

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Hasidism

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Ecstatic Jewish piety, dating from eighteenth-century Poland.

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2nd Temple 538 BCE-70 CE

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Refers to the religion of Judaism during the Second Temple period, between the construction of the second Jewish temple in Jerusalem in 515 BCE, and its destruction by the Romans in 70 CE.

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Rabbi

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Teacher; the ordained spiritual leader of a Jewish congregation.

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Synagogue

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Meeting place for Jewish study and worship.

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Passover

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The major Jewish spring festival that commemorates the liberation of the Israelites from Egyptian slavery, lasting seven or eight days from the 15th day of Nisan.

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Faith

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1. G-d exists
2. G-d is one and unique
3. G-d is incorporeal
4. G-d is eternal
5. Prayer is to be directed to G-d alone and to no other
6. The words of the prophets are true
7. Moses' prophecies are true, and Moses was the greatest of the prophets
8. The Written Torah (first 5 books of the Bible) and Oral Torah (teachings now contained in the Talmud and other writings) were given to Moses
9. There will be no other Torah
10. G-d knows the thoughts and deeds of men
11. G-d will reward the good and punish the wicked
12. The Messiah will come
13. The dead will be resurrected

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Anti-Semitism

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Although "Semitic" properly refers to Arab and other peoples as well as Jews, the term "anti-semitism" has come to be applied to expressions of prejudice against Jews in general.

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Holocaust/Shoah

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The Holocaust also known as Shoah, was a genocide in which approximately six million Jews were killed by the Nazi regime, under the command of Adolf Hitler, and its collaborators.

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Covenant

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Of the covenants found in the Pentateuch or Torah, the Noahic Covenant is unique in applying to all humanity, while the other covenants are principally agreements made between God and the biblical Israelites.

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Babylonian Exile

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The Babylonian captivity (or Babylonian exile) is the period in Jewish history during which a number of Jews of the ancient Kingdom of Judah were captives in Babylonia. After the Battle of Carchemish in 605 BCE, Nebuchadnezzar besieged Jerusalem, resulting in tribute being paid by King Jehoiakim.

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Kabbalah

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The Jewish mystical tradition.