History Of Psychology Midterm

Front 1

Bell Magendie

Back 1

- Sensory nerves enter dorsal roots of spinal cords and motor nerves emerge from entral roots
- Nerve physiology = sensory and motor functions
- Metal functions are mediated by different anatomical structures.

Hint 1

Separate and Different Functions
different things going on in the body lead to different thoughts.

Front 2

Broca

Back 2

"Clinical setting"
language and communication function
Broca Area left hemisphere
Expressive Aphasia
Speech, articulation, production

Front 3

Helmholtz

Back 3

- "life force" not conducive to scientific analysis
- Physical and chemical processes
- "Energy is never or lost, it is meerly transformed."
- Theory of Perceptions

Hint 3

Study frog reaction nerve conduction.
Theory of color vision:
Resonance place theory:

Front 4

Ebbinghaus

Back 4

- Used nonsense syllables
- Over-learning decrease rate of forgetting
- Practive over a period of time

Front 5

Titchner: career, consciousness

Back 5

Structuralism

determination of the what, how, and why of mental life

Three Elements of the mind
- Sensations
- Images
- Affections

Front 6

Wundt: Voluntarism, experiments, volition

Back 6

1st school of psychology
- sensations and perceptions

introspection

experimental psychology
-used to study the basic processes of the mind

Disagreed with Galileo, Comte, Kant
Theory of Feelings
Plesantness and unplesantness
excitment and calmness
strain and relaxation

Front 7

Edward C. Tolman

Back 7

Purposive behaviorism, intervening variables,
Latent Learning, Latent Extinction

Hint 7

Disagreed with Watson and Thorndicke's explanation of learning.

Front 8

Latent Learning

Back 8

Learning that occurs but is not translated into behavior

Front 9

Latent Extinction

Back 9

Animals who passively experience a goal boz no longer containing reinforcement, extinguish a previously learded response to that goal box significantly faster than animals without suh experience.

Front 10

Hull

Back 10

4 methods for scientific research,
-Reinforcement,
-Reaction potential,
-Habit Strength,
-Theory with great amount of research.

hypothetico-deductive theory to explain learning phenomenon

Front 11

4 methods for scientific research: (Hull)

Back 11

- Simple observation
- Systematic controlled obsercation
- Experimental testing of hypotheses
- Hypothetico-Deductive Theory

Front 12

Yerkes

Back 12

Psychology could help in the war effort.
Creating tests that could be used to place recruits according to their abilities.
It was a waste of time.

Front 13

Goddard's studies

Back 13

studied: relationship between family background and intelligence.
intellicutal genetics
"The Mental deficient should be sterilized from the rest."

Front 14

Binet and intelligence,

Back 14

Used different method of test, could not be replicated and took to long
Found low inter-correlations

Front 15

Wissler

Back 15

Mental Test, low on Correlation

Front 16

Galton and intelligence, word associations

Back 16

Mental Inheritance: greatness comes with the family.
-Eugenics
-Intelligence Tests for men and women to breed
Nature vs. Nuture (twins)

Front 17

Darwin and evolution, human emotions

Back 17

Theory of Evolution
Humans are primate ancestors
Human emotions are remains of animals
- Studying nonhuman animals
Developmental psychology kids

Front 18

Mental Orthopedics

Back 18

Exercises that improced child's will, attention, and discipline

Front 19

Functionalism

Back 19

- How the mind functions.
- 1st American System of psychology
- Cannot ask about how the mind works.
- Apply psychology to everyday problems.
(Darwin & Galton)

Front 20

Lewin and Types of conflict

Back 20

Followed Aristotle and Galileo
- Life Space
(Influences of psychological facts, external events, exist in awarness)

Motivation

Types of Conflict
- Approach-Approach
- Avoidance-avoidance
- Approach-avoidance

Hint 20

"A person's life space consists of all influences acting on him or her at a given time. "

Front 21

Wertheimer: phi phenomenon

Back 21

Illusion that light is moving from one location to another.

Caused by flashing two lights on and off at a certain rate.

Front 22

Gestalt principles

Back 22

1. Field Theory
2. Psychophysical Isomorphism
3. Top Down Analysis
4. Law of Pragnanz
5. Perceptual Constancy
6. Principles of Perceptual Organization

Front 23

Voluntarism
(Wundt)

Back 23

will and choice
understand simple and complex events
- all types of events - based on experience

TWO TYPES of Experience:
Mediate
Immediate

Front 24

Dewey

Back 24

Developed Functionalism.

Front 25

Clark

Back 25

Negative effects of segregation of children.
Ended the legal basis for segregated education in the U.S
*1st Afriecan American President of APA*

Front 26

Sumner

Back 26

1st African American to have a PhD in psychology.

Front 27

Munsterberg: ideas and behavior

Back 27

Applied Psychology
**Clinical, forensic, and industrial psychology**

Front 28

William James: consciousness, self esteem

Back 28

Opposed Gestalt Psych
Opposed dividing consciousness into elements.
"Consciousness is to be viewed as a totality with a purpose."

Front 29

(Gestalt) Principles of Perceptual Organization

Back 29

- Figure-Ground
- Continuity
- Proximity
- Inclusiceness
- Similarity
- Closure

Front 30

Approach-Approach Conflict

Back 30

The type of conflict that occurs when a person is attracted to two goals at the same time.

Hint 30

A student getting accepted to two favorite colleges

Front 31

Avoidance-avoidance
Conflict

Back 31

The type of conflict that occurs when a person is repelled to two goals at the same time.

Hint 31

Lesser of the two evils.

Front 32

Approach-avoidance Conflict

Back 32

The type of conflict that occurs when a person is both attracted to and repelled by the same goal at the same time.

Front 33

Gestalt Psychology

Back 33

German Word meaning "Whole" or "Form"
- Studies whole, inctact segments of behavior and cognitive experience
- Issues with Wundt's elementism

Hint 33

H20

Front 34

Group Dynamics - Application of the Theory

Back 34

- Democratic
- Authoritarian
- Laissez- Faire

Front 35

Neobehaviorism

Back 35

result of when behaviorism was combined **with logical positivsm. **

Front 36

Hypothetico-deductive Theory
(Hull)

Back 36

Set of potulates from which empirical relationships are deduced. If the empirical relationships are as predicted, the theory gains strngth; if not, the theory loses strength and must be revised or abandoned.

Front 37

Drive-reduction
(Hull)

Back 37

Hull's proposed mechanism of reinforcement. Anything that reduces a drive is reinforcing.

Front 38

2 types of Behavior

Back 38

- Respondent Behavior
- Operant Behavior

Front 39

Operant Behavior

Back 39

Influenced by consequences.
Behavior that is emitted by an organism rather than elicted by a known stimulus.

Hint 39

Oper, opertional. Doing things for a child to operate the way u want.

Front 40

Positive Reinforcement

Back 40

Introducing something "added"

Front 41

Negative Reinforcement

Back 41

Taking away something

Front 42

Wernicke's area

Back 42

portion near Broca's area left temporal lobe area responsible for speech comprehension

Front 43

Ernst Weber

Back 43

2 point threshold on all different areas of the body

Smallest threshold on tongue
largest in the middle of back

Front 44

Weber's Law

Back 44

Amount of change to notice a difference is a constant fraction relating to the stimuli

*1st quantitative law in psychology*
sense of touch is several senses

Front 45

Stumpf

Back 45

acoustical perceptions

Meningful mental experiences instead of mental elements

Front 46

Physiology

Back 46

study of functioning of living things

Front 47

Psychology

Back 47

study of human mind

Front 48

Perception

Back 48

Mental experience that occurs when sensations are given meaning by the memory of past experiences.

Front 49

Apperception

Back 49

comprehension using past experiences

Front 50

Spencer: Survival of the Fittest

Back 50

"Darwinism"
Laissez-faire, able can previal

Front 51

Thorndike

Back 51

Studied trial and error using Cats
"Learning is incremental"
"Learning is automatic"
"Learning applies to all mamals"

Front 52

Thorndike's Law

Back 52

Law of exercise
Law of use
Law of disuse
law of effect

Front 53

Eugenics

Back 53

Selective Breeding

Front 54

Correlation

Back 54

Systematic variation between two variables

Front 55

Mediate Experience

Back 55

Eperience that is provided by various measuring devices

Front 56

Immediate

Back 56

Direct subjective experience as it occurs

Front 57

Pavlov

Back 57

Experiements w/ dogs
Classical Conditioning

Front 58

Watson

Back 58

Treat kids like adults
Contiguity

Front 59

UCS (Unconditioned Stimulus)

Back 59

Food, the thing that is going to start a reaction

Front 60

UCR (Unconditioned Response)

Back 60

Salivate, The action that is going to be caused

Front 61

CS (Conditioned Stimulus)

Back 61

Bell, The thing that has been conditioned

Front 62

CR (Conditioned Response)

Back 62

Salivate, the end result action

Front 63

NS (Nuetral Stimulus)

Back 63

Bell, Something that is about to be conditioned